Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) are a heterogeneous group of oncoviruses, distributed globally, which produce major economic losses. In the current study, we compared the results of different diagnostic approaches and compared the strains identified in this study with previously characterized strains at local and international levels. Samples of skin warts were collected from five bovines with generalized papillomatosis from two Egyptian provinces, Menya and Ismailia, in 2020. Electron microscopy, molecular characterization, histopathological, and immunohistochemical examination were performed. BPV was detected using electron microscopy in the collected samples. Using molecular characterization, BPV-2 was successfully identified for 1st time in Egypt. The strain has 99.6% identity with the BPV-2 reference strains obtained from GenBank. These results were supported by histopathology and immunohistochemistry examination. Partial nucleotide sequences of the L1 gene were submitted to GenBank with accession numbers MW289843 and MW289844. BPV-2 was reported for 1st time in the current study. The strain was identified grossly, microscopically, and pathologically and confirmed using molecular approaches. All results were consistent. The sequence analysis revealed that this strain has high sequence similarity to the reference Deltapapillomavirus-4, BPV-2 strains from Brazil and China. Keywords: bovine papillomaviruses-2, first detection, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, phylogeny, transmission electron microscopy.

Aspergillus flavus causes human and animal diseases through either inhalation of fungal spores or ingestion of mycotoxins as aflatoxins produced in human and animal feed as secondary metabolites. This study was aimed to detect the incidence of A. flavus and its aflatoxins in human sputum and milk powder samples and explore the efficacy of pure propolis (PP) and propolis nanoemulsion (PNE) as natural decontaminants against fungal growth and its released aflatoxins. A. flavus was isolated by mycological culture and identified macroscopically and microscopically. Coconut agar medium and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were used to qualitatively detect aflatoxins in the isolated strains. Toxins were extracted from toxigenic strains by the fast extraction technique. The quantitative detection of toxin types was explored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PNE was prepared by a novel method using natural components and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Zetasizer, and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of PP and PNE on A. flavus growth and its toxin were determined by the well-diffusion method and HPLC. The mycological culture showed that 30.9% and 29.2% of sputum and milk powder samples were positive for A. flavus, respectively. TLC confirmed the production of 61.8% and 63.2% aflatoxin by the isolated strains in sputum and milk powder, respectively. PP and PNE showed antifungal activity on A. flavus growth with mean±standard error (SE) inhibition zones of 27.55±3.98 and 39.133±5.32 mm, respectively. HPLC revealed positive contamination of toxin extracts with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2 at 0.57±0.026, 0.28±0.043, and 0.1±0.05 mg/L, respectively. After treatment with PP and PNE, a significant decrease in AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2 concentrations was observed. This study suggested using propolis and its nanoformulation as antifungal and antitoxins in human medicine and the food industry to increase the food safety level and stop food spoilage. Keywords: aflatoxins, Aspergillus flavus, mycotoxigenic fungi, propolis nanoemulsion, propolis, Tween 80.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen causing contagious mastitis in cows that need novel treatment rather than antibiotic therapy. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Helicteres isora extracts against S. aureus isolated from subclinical and clinical mastitis cows using an in vitro model. H. isora pods were extracted using the following solvents: Distilled water, ethanol, acetone, and methanol. The antimicrobial activity of each extract was determined by the disk diffusion method and broth microdilution assay to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The ethanolic extract of H. isora exhibited the largest inhibition zones against S. aureus (31.05±1.20 mm), followed by the aqueous, methanolic, and acetone extracts, respectively (26.34±1.15, 24.23±0.50, and 22.46±1.53). The ethanolic extract also had a strong inhibitory effect on S. aureus, with MIC and MBC of 0.13 and 0.52 mg/mL, respectively. This study revealed that H. isora is a potential alternative natural antibacterial agent against S. aureus infection. The antimicrobial activity of H. isora is most likely mediated by phytochemical constituents. Keywords: antimicrobial, Helicteres isora, herbs, mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus.

There is a worldwide controversy about the choice of microbial flora for use as process hygiene indicators. This study aimed to evaluate the pertinence of using either coliforms or Enterobacteriaceae (EB) as process hygiene indicators in the pasteurized milk production line. Two flora families and total flora were used as bacterial indicators in some stages of pasteurized milk production line to identify the origin of post-pasteurization contamination and compare the results obtained for each flora. In addition, the bacteriological profile of isolated coliforms and EB was developed. One thousand and two hundred samples of pasteurized cow milk and surfaces (pipes and tank) at various processing stages were taken from two dairies in the northern region of Algeria. The total microbial flora (TF), total coliforms (TC), thermotolerant coliforms, and EB were enumerated, following the recommendations of ISO 4833:2006, ISO 4832:2006, and ISO 21528-2:2017 methods, respectively. The bacteriological profile was determined using the API 20E and 10S tests (bioMérieux, France). Furthermore, the cleaning efficiency and disinfection protocol of surfaces were evaluated using contact agar slides 1 (Liofilchem™, Italy). Enumeration of the different indicators shows that the highest contamination rate is recorded by the total flora in the two units, 3.28 and 3.78 log CFU/mL, respectively. EB (–0.60 log CFU/mL) at post-pasteurization stage in Unit 1 and coliforms (0.44 log CFU/mL) at the pasteurized packaged milk stage in Unit 2 are the least significant germ families. The lowest compliance rates of bacterial contamination were reported for total flora (82-85%) at the three sampled sites in Unit 2. In comparison, the highest was reported in Unit 1 (99.8%) and 2 (98%) by the EB indicator. Assessing the surface cleaning and disinfection protocol compliance shows that the tank records the highest non-compliance rates for EB and TF (4% and 3%) in Unit 2. EB are represented in both units by various species. Acinetobacter baumannii in Unit 1 and Enterobacter cloacae in Unit 2 are the common species of the three indicator families. Acinetobacter and Enterobacter in Unit 1, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Hafnia in Unit 2 are the most time persistent bacterial genera along the production line. Stenotrophomonas, Serratia, Salmonella, Enterobacter, and Escherichia are common genera in both units. The results obtained show no difference in the use of EB or TC as hygiene indicators. However, if the objective is to identify the species of bacterial populations, using EBs are the most appropriate. Keywords: coliforms, enterobacteria, indicators, pasteurized milk, process hygiene, total microbial flora.

Canine monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (CME), a tick-borne disease, leads to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome; it is thus important to assess the intensity of inflammation in order to treat it appropriately. The current study was designed to evaluate hematological, biochemical, and inflammatory parameters in dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis compared with those in healthy dogs. We also assessed the relationship among several inflammation-related parameters and considered these parameters for use as inflammatory biomarkers of CME. Twenty-eight dogs were divided into two groups based on the results of nested polymerase chain reaction for detecting E. canis, comprising a healthy group (n=11) and an infected group (n=17). A blood sample was collected from each dog to evaluate hematological, biochemical, and inflammatory parameters, with the obtained results being statistically compared between the groups. Moreover, the correlations of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were investigated in the 28 dogs. In the infected group, the mean levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were significantly lower than in the healthy group, while the mean lymphocyte and monocyte counts were higher. The mean levels of ESR and CRP were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the infected group, whereas no significant differences were found in IL-6 levels between the two groups. In the correlation analysis, ESR and CRP levels were highly correlated (p<0.01, r=0.531). Elevated ESR and CRP levels were found in dogs naturally infected with E. canis, which also presented mild to moderate inflammation in this study. Moreover, CRP was significantly correlated with ESR, so ESR and CRP may serve as inflammatory biomarkers for monitoring CME. Keywords: canine monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, interleukin-6.

The Thalli sheep are the main breed of sheep in Pakistan, and an effective method to predict their body weight (BW) using linear body measurements has not yet been determined. Therefore, this study aims to establish an algorithm with the best predictive capability, among the Chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID), exhaustive CHAID, artificial neural network, and classification and regression tree (CART) algorithms, in live BW prediction using selected body measurements in female Pakistani Thalli sheep. A total of 152 BW records, including nine continuous predictors (wither height, body length [BL], head length, rump length, tail length, head width, rump width, heart girth [HG], and barrel depth), were utilized. The coefficient of determination (R2), standard deviation ratio, root-mean-square error (RMSE), etc., were calculated for each algorithm. The R2 (%) values ranged from 49.28 (CART) to 64.48 (CHAID). The lowest RMSE was found for CHAID (2.61), and the highest one for CART (3.12). The most significant predictors were the HG of live BW for all algorithms. The heaviest average BW (41.12 kg) was observed in the subgroup of those having a BL of >73.91 cm (Adjusted p=0.045). Among the algorithms, CHAID provided the most appropriate predictive capability in the prediction of live BW for female Thalli sheep. In general, the applied algorithms accurately predicted the BW of Thalli sheep, which can be very helpful in deciding on the standards, available drug doses, and required feed amount for animals. Keywords: artificial neural network, body weight, classification and regression tree, Chi-square automatic interaction detector, exhaustive Chi-square automatic interaction detector, Thalli sheep.

Eimeria spp. are gastrointestinal protozoans that affect animal productivity, thereby causing symptoms that range from bloody diarrhea to death. These symptoms cause economic losses to farmers. The distribution of Eimeria spp. in cattle has, therefore, been reported to have spread widely, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Indonesia is a tropical country at high risk of Eimeria infections. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors related to the levels of eimeriosis in beef cattle originating from different geographic areas in Indonesia. Here, 817 fecal samples were collected from beef cattle in Indonesia, including 282 calves, 535 adults, 530 males, and 287 females. In addition, 156 semi-intensively and 661 intensively managed cattle were randomly collected. Then, fecal samples were analyzed by parasitology examinations. Screening examination using the sugar flotation modification method showed that Eimeria spp. were prevalent in Indonesia, as 65.4% of the bacterial strain was detected. The prevalence of identified Eimeria spp. in Indonesia was highest in North Maluku (Maluku Island) (94.1%), whereas the lowest levels were observed in West Java (24.0%) (Java Island). The prevalence was also found to be higher in males (79.3%) than females (51.9%). Similarly, levels in semi-intensively managed cattle (66.7%) were higher than those subjected to intensive management (65.9%). However, its prevalence in calf and adult cattle was similar. Bovine eimeriosis spp. were detected at high prevalence in Indonesia, and high-level risks were observed in infected males, including those under the semi-intensive management. In addition, although the results from oocyst examinations were based on qualitative analysis, the endemicity levels of Eimeria spp. among farms in Indonesia should be considered because Eimeria spp. were distributed in most parts of Indonesia. Based on the results of this study, we provide the first information about the prevalence of bovine eimeriosis from different geographical locations in Indonesia, which have differing climates associated with the level of the existing risk factors. Hence, farmers are advised to pay more attention to strict biosecurity techniques on their farms, thereby favoring the early control of bovine eimeriosis. Keywords: cattle, Eimeria, floatation, gastrointestinal, risk factor.

The swollen head syndrome (SHS) makes up complex diseases that infect the upper respiratory tract in poultry and causes several economic losses. Furthermore, this syndrome is considered one of the multifactorial etiological agents. Therefore, this study isolated and molecularly detected Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) in poultry. This study was conducted at 67 broiler farms that had birds observed to be infected with the SHS from September 2018 until August 2019. Subsequently, swabs were collected from their trachea, infraorbital sinuses, and lungs, after which obtained samples were treated through two methods: (a) The direct method, by uploading samples on FTA cards, and the indirect method using a transport media. Afterward, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to analyze the directly treated samples; howeverAQ1, the culture method, followed by PCR, was used to analyze the indirectly treated samples. Next, a partial 16S RNA gene was isolated using four positive PCR products, after which the effect of 16 antibiotics was studied on the seven local ORT strains isolated. The quantity of ORT isolated using the direct method was 28 (41.7%) samples, which were all positive for the strain. Identification was by direct molecular identification (RT-PCR) from samples loaded on FTA cards. Alternatively, 7 (10.4%) ORTs were detected from the indirect method, as obtained using the culture method and biochemical tests. Then, PCR was subsequently used to confirm the results. As observed, 784 bp bands were shown for all seven ORT isolates. Furthermore, results revealed a significant difference in the detection of ORT strains between direct and indirect methods, with p-value (<0.05) and standard deviation of the error ±0.038 for the direct, then ±0.061 for the indirect method. For further analysis on the strain types, four 784 bp PCR products were taken, then partial 16S ribosomal sequence typing was conducted. All these four strains were found to be recorded in NCBI for the 1st time as a local Iraqi strain, with accession numbers (MN931657, MN931656, MN931655, and MN931654). Notably, results also showed that all isolated strains were multidrug-resistant. From the results, ORT is proposed to be implicated as one of the etiological factors that cause SHSs in poultry. Phylogenetic analysis of the current ORT bacterial strains also showed that they are closely related to the Egyptian isolates. Keywords: broilers flocks, culture method for isolation and detection Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Iraq, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Swollen head syndrome.

Persistent corpus luteum (PCL) causes anestrus in mares. This study aimed to determine the effect of intrauterine prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) treatment on PCL of racing mares to restore fertility. Twelve racing mares suspected with PCL were diagnosed using transrectal palpation and confirmed by serum progesterone (P4) concentration measurement. PGF2α was infused intrauterine, followed by serum collection at 24, 48, and 72 h after. Estrous symptoms were monitored, and mating was conducted on day 3 of estrus with an earlier injection of 8.4 μg gonadotropin-releasing hormone twice a day. Transrectal palpation was performed on days 21-30 to observe the corpus luteum. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed rectally on 40-45 days post-mating and confirmed using Doppler ultrasound scanning. Eleven of the 12 mares had PCL. There was a dramatic reduction in the P4 concentration following PGF2α treatment of mares with PCL. All mares exhibited estrus 2.6±0.55 days post-treatment with a P4 concentration of 0.12±0.12 ng/mL. Rectal palpation and P4 concentration on 21-30 days after estrous onset showed that all mares were ovulating. The evaluation of P4 concentration on days 40-45 post-mating showed that all mares were still in the luteal phase. However, the pregnancy rate was only 54.5% based on rectal palpation and Doppler ultrasound scanning. Treatment of PCL in racing mares with an intrauterine infusion of PGF2α restored the estrous cycle and induced ovulation and pregnancy. Keywords: estrus, fertility, good health and well-being, ovulation, progesterone, racing mare.

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects humans and animals. This study aimed to review the influence of economic and organizational, veterinary, and sanitary measures on the epizootic situation of animal tuberculosis and the epidemiological situation of human tuberculosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The epizootic situation of cattle tuberculosis in Kazakhstan was studied based on the annual statistics of allergy testing of animals with tuberculosis by the Committee for Veterinary Control and Supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, according to the results of allergic, clinical, and pathological studies, including laboratory studies of biomaterials from animals that reacted to tuberculin. Tuberculinization of cattle in the country is performed twice in the spring and autumn using tuberculin purified protein derivative for mammals. In addition, mass diagnosis of human tuberculosis is conducted by radiology. The authors assessed the epizootic situation of tuberculosis in cattle in Kazakhstan from 1991 to 2019. The analysis results showed that at the beginning, the epizootic situation in cattle tuberculosis was challenging. However, since 2001, there has been a noticeable decrease in tuberculosis in animals in Kazakhstan, which has had a favorable effect on the epidemic situation of human tuberculosis. According to the analysis results, the measures used in the Republic of Kazakhstan to prevent tuberculosis improved the well-being of livestock farms. The proper conduct by qualified veterinary specialists on allergy testing of animals and differential diagnosis of nonspecific tuberculin reactions allows establishing an accurate epizootic picture of tuberculosis. Furthermore, strict adherence to instructions on the diagnosis and prevention of tuberculosis, implementation of developed veterinary, sanitary, and organization, and economic measures can improve the epizootic picture of tuberculosis, reducing the risk of human tuberculosis. Keywords: diagnostics, epizootiology, tuberculin, tuberculosis.

In this article, we gathered information from postgraduate theses and scientific articles published in several databases using inclusion criteria that had been made in Latin America, in countries with similar economic conditions, and also in the USA to present a point of comparison. The objective of this review is to broaden the readers' understanding of the causes of the increasing numbers of stray dogs and the reasons why people abandon pets in the streets, specifically in Latin America. It also discusses adoption and responsible ownership, identifies what failed in promoting positive human-dog interaction, and suggests strategies to address this problem. It concludes that adoption alone is not an effective solution but that it is necessary to offer education and awareness programs for owners, organize sterilization campaigns, and develop and apply – with the corresponding authorities – measures to ensure animal welfare that will provide benefits for society and improve animal quality of life. The role of veterinarians is fundamental in education and in disseminating the necessary information to orient people before they acquire a pet and prevent animal abandonment to resolve this problem.

The Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) is on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species (critically endangered) due to high levels of illegal trafficking for its products. Thailand is one of the habitats of this species, and it has become the main hub for its illegal trafficking. Rehabilitating these captive pangolins and reintroducing them back to the wild are challenging due to the limited knowledge on their diet, management, and diseases. Hemoparasites, including Babesia spp., can cause important protozoal infections in both domestic and wild animals, resulting in the failure of rehabilitation and conservation programs. However, Babesia spp. has not been reported in pangolins. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Babesia spp. in the Sunda pangolin of Thailand. A total of 128 confiscated Sunda pangolins from across different regions in Thailand were investigated. These pangolins had been admitted to a regional Wildlife Quarantine Center for rehabilitation before release in the forest. Routine physical examinations were conducted on the animals. We collected blood samples from each pangolin for hematological analysis and to detect Babesia spp. using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the partial 18s rRNA gene. Babesia-specific PCR detected 53 animals (41.4%) that were positive for Babesia spp. Blood smears were obtained from the positive samples and investigated under a light microscope to observe for trophozoites of Babesia spp. Examination of 40 PCR-positive and -negative samples found no significant differences between the hematological parameters of Babesia-positive and Babesia-negative samples. Eight PCR-positive samples were randomly selected and their DNA was sequenced. Seven and one of sequences match uncharacterized Babesia spp. with 100% and 99.2% similarity, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that our samples form a unique monophyletic clade along with other Babesia spp. detected in the wild. This clade is clearly separated from other Babesia spp. from small carnivores, ruminants, and rats. Our results provide evidence of infection of Sunda pangolins in Thailand by Babesia spp. These pangolins originated from different regions and had not lived together before blood collection. Thus, we suggest that the uncharacterized Babesia spp. found in this study constitute a new group of pangolin-specific Babesia spp. The prevalence of the uncharacterized Babesia spp. was not correlated to pangolin health. Further studies are required to characterize the genomes and phenotypes, including the morphology and pathogenicity of these protozoa. Such information will be helpful for the conservation and health management of the Sunda pangolin. Keywords: Babesia spp., Manis javanica, sunda pangolin, Thailand.

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that is responsible for the major cause of congenital diseases, abortion, and stillbirth in humans and farm animals. Primary infection in pregnant goats due to T. gondii leads to abortion and significant economic losses in the livestock industry. Moreover, very few studies have been performed for the identification of T. gondii from aborted fetuses of goats. The study was conducted for the molecular identification of Toxoplasma gondii from aborted fetuses of goats in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Twenty aborted fetuses of goats were collected from 52 farms in the study area. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the B1 gene was performed, and a positive sample yield of 197 bp amplified DNA products consistent with T. gondii. The overall prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the aborted fetus of goats was 35%. Heart muscle, liver, brain, and placenta showed positive PCR results. The risk factors related to the does age, presence of cats in farms, and aborted fetus age were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Our results showed that T. gondii is a major possible causal factor for abortion and reproductive failure in goats. The high prevalence of T. gondii infection in aborted fetuses of goats revealed that T. gondii could be imperative in causing reproductive failure in goats. Active or congenital toxoplasmosis was shown by the presence of T. gondii in fetal tissues, which is a matter of concern as this parasite has zoonotic significance and causes economic hazards to the livestock industry by causing various reproductive problems. Therefore, proper control measures and strategies are needed to reduce the rate of abortion in goats, ultimately saving the livestock industry. Keywords: aborted fetus, goat, nested polymerase chain reaction, Toxoplasma gondii.

Metabolism and environment are closely related. Under high ambient temperature (HTa), dairy cows may have different energy metabolism during summer and winter. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of HTa on the milk yield and blood concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and glucose at the herd level. One large dairy farm in Thailand with more than 100 crossbred Holstein cows milked each month was selected. The first experiment was performed on non-lactating cows to determine the normal daily concentrations of blood BHBA and glucose. Under the HTa condition, there was no significant change in blood BHBA and glucose concentrations. The second experiment was performed using a prospective cohort clinical design to demonstrate the seasonal effect on milk yield and blood BHBA as an indication of energy metabolism at the herd level. The temperature and humidity index for the winter (78.1±0.5) and summer (83.4±0.7) periods differ significantly. The average milk yield during the winter period was 17.8% higher than during the summer period. The reduction of body condition score (BCS) during early lactation was significant in the winter cows. Both higher milk yield and lower BCS in the winter cows suggested a state of negative energy balance. However, there was no difference in blood BHBA and glucose concentrations between winter and summer cows. The effect of HTa on insulin signaling appeared to be a counterbalancing factor for the ketogenic status. Based on the present results, it would be interesting to further investigate the incidence of subclinical and clinical ketosis in a dairy farm under tropical conditions. The present experiment revealed that HTa during summer decreased milk yield in dairy cows fed under tropical conditions. Higher milk yield in winter caused a greater reduction of BCS and suggested a greater negative energy balance. However, there was no seasonal effect on blood BHBA and glucose concentrations. Keywords: dairy cattle, environmental temperature, heat stress, lactation, subclinical ketosis.

Gelatin is a dissolved protein that results from partial extraction of collagen, commonly from pig and bovine skin. There was no study on gelatin production from Kacang goat bones through enzymatic extraction. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical, physical, and functional properties of gelatin from bones of Kacang goat using alcalase and neutrase enzymes. Male Kacang goat bones aged 6-12 months and two commercial enzymes (alcalase and neutrase) were used for this study. Descriptive analysis and completely randomized design (one-way analysis of variance) were used to analyze the chemical, physical, and functional properties of gelatin. Kacang goat bone was extracted with four concentrations of alcalase and neutrase enzymes, namely, 0 U/g (AG-0 and NG-0), 0.02 U/g (AG-1 and NG-1), 0.04 U/g (AG-2 and NG-2), and 0.06 U/g (AG-3 and NG-3) with five replications. The highest yield of gelatin extraction with alcalase obtained on AG-3 was 9.78%, and that with neutrase on NG-3 was 6.35%. The moisture content of alcalase gelatin was 9.39-9.94%, and that of neutrase gelatin was 9.15-9.24%. The ash and fat content of gelatin with alcalase was lower than that without enzyme treatment with higher protein content. The lowest fat content was noted in AG-1 (0.50%), with protein that was not different for all enzyme concentrations (69.65-70.21%). Gelatin with neutrase had lower ash content than that without neutrase (1.61-1.90%), with the highest protein content in NG-3 (70.89%). The pH of gelatin with alcalase and neutrase was 6.19-6.92 lower than that without enzymes. Melting points, gel strength, and water holding capacity (WHC) of gelatin with the highest alcalase levels on AG-1 and AG-2 ranged from 28.33 to 28.47°C, 67.41 to 68.14 g bloom, and 324.00 to 334.67%, respectively, with viscosity that did not differ, while the highest foam expansion (FE) and foam stability (FS) were noted in AG-1, which were 71.67% and 52.67%, respectively. The highest oil holding capacity (OHC) was found in AG-2 (283%). FS and OHC of gelatins with the highest neutrase levels in NG-2 were 30.00% and 265.33%, respectively, while gel strength, viscosity, FE, and WHC of gelatins with the highest neutrase levels did not differ with those without enzymes at all enzyme concentrations. B chain was degraded in all gelatins, and high-intensity a-chains in gelatin with alcalase and peptide fraction were formed in gelatin with neutrase. Extraction with enzymes showed loss of the triple helix as demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Based on the obtained results, the Kacang goat bone was the potential raw source for gelatin production. Enzymatic extraction can increase the quality of gelatin, especially the alcalase (0.02-0.04 U/g bone) method. This can be used to achieve the preferable quality of gelatin with a higher yield. Keywords: alcalase, enzymatic extraction, gelatin quality, Indonesia Kacang goat bone, neutrase.

Raw milk is considered an essential source of nutrition during all stages of human life because it offers a valuable supply of protein and minerals. Importantly, milk is considered a good media for the growth and contamination of many pathogenic bacteria, especially food-borne pathogens such as Escherichia coli. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize E. coli and detect its virulence factors and antibiotic resistance from raw milk samples. Raw milk samples (n=100) were collected from different localities in Qena, Egypt, and investigated for the presence of E. coli using different biochemical tests, IMViC tests, serotyping to detect somatic antigen type, and molecularly by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. The presence of different virulence and antimicrobial genes (hly, eae, stx1, stx2, blaTEM, tetA(A), and tetB genes) in E. coli isolates was evaluated using PCR. The results demonstrated that 10 out of 100 milk samples were contaminated with E. coli. Depending on serology, the isolates were classified as O114 (one isolate), O27 (two isolates), O111 (one isolate), O125 (two isolates), and untypeable (five isolates) E. coli. The sequencing of partially amplified 16S rRNA of the untypeable isolates resulted in one isolate, which was initially misidentified as untypeable E. coli but later proved as Enterobacter hormaechei. Moreover, antibacterial susceptibility analysis revealed that nearly all isolates were resistant to more than 3 families of antibiotics, particularly to β-lactams, clindamycin, and rifampin. PCR results demonstrated that all E. coli isolates showed an accurate amplicon for the blaTEM and tetA(A) genes, four isolates harbored eae gene, other four harbored tetB gene, and only one isolate exhibited a positive stx2 gene. Our study explored vital methods for identifying E. coli as a harmful pathogen of raw milk using 16S rRNA sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and detection of virulence factors and antibiotic-resistant genes. Keywords: 16S rRNA, antibiotic, Escherichia coli, raw milk, serology, virulence.

Goats are widely distributed in southwest Algeria. The Saharan goat is perfectly adapted to the harsh conditions of arid areas, and it is characterized by resistance to long photoperiod and reduced metabolic needs, allowing the survival of its offspring by maintaining lactation. Several studies have demonstrated that parturition and lactation are critical periods that induce hormone, energy, and lipid status changes in mammals. However, the relationship between the blood biochemical parameters of parturition control and lactation functions in the Algerian Saharan goat has not been thoroughly documented. Therefore, this study assesses hormone and metabolite levels during parturition and early lactation in Saharan goats reared in arid areas. Experiments were performed on 14 multiparous female goats, and blood samples were collected during parturition, 4 days postpartum (D1PP-D4PP), and during the first 12 weeks of lactation (W1-W12) to analyze prolactin, cortisol, glucose (GLU), total proteins (TP), cholesterol (CHO), triglycerides (TGs), total lipids (TL), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), and very LDLs (VLDLs). Statistical data analysis revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in plasma prolactin concentrations at W1 after parturition, reaching maximum values at W3 and W9, and remained high until W12 of lactation. Plasma cortisol levels were high at parturition, reaching two peaks at W3 and W9, and then decreased at W5, W7, and W12 of lactation. No significant changes were found in serum GLU levels during the first 7 weeks of lactation compared with parturition day; then, the levels became significantly (p<0.05) lower at W8, W11, and W12 of lactation. Plasma TP increased significantly (p<0.05) at D3PP, W1, and W4, then decreased significantly (p<0.05) at W8. In addition, this decrease coincided with that of GLU production. Serum CHO, TGs, TL, LDLs, and VLDLs, were low at parturition and high at D4PP and during the first 3 months of lactation. Furthermore, HDL levels were low at D3PP, 1st, and 3rd months and high at the 2nd month of lactation. This study emphasized the impact of parturition and the 1st weeks of lactation on endocrine and metabolic changes in indigenous goats living in the Algerian Sahara Desert. These results can be used to monitor and improve farming management and understand physiological adaptive strategies, mainly lactation function sustainability, of this goat living in marginal zones. Keywords: hormones, lactating goat, metabolic profile, parturition, Sahara.

Hydrolyzable tannins are an important group of secondary plant metabolites, which are known for antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to assess the efficiency with which a hydrolyzable tannin extract from sweet chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.) could inhibit mastitis-causing bacteria in vitro. The negative control used was sterile water, and the positive controls were penicillin and gentamicin. The treatments included five concentrations of hydrolyzable tannins (63, 190, 313, 630, and 940 mg/mL). In cows with subclinical mastitis, the bacteria causing the disease were isolated and identified. Then, the antibacterial activity of the hydrolyzable tannin extract was assessed by the disk diffusion method, by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and by determining the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Penicillin inhibited (p<0.01) the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but could not inhibit (p>0.05) the growth of Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, gentamicin and hydrolyzable tannins could inhibit (p<0.01) all isolated bacteria. Increasing the concentration of hydrolyzable tannin extract resulted in a quadratic increase in the inhibition zone diameter of S. aureus and S. agalactiae and a linear increase in the inhibition zone diameter of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa. In addition, 630 and 940 mg/mL of hydrolyzable tannin extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. agalactiae and E. coli (p<0.01), while 940 mg/mL concentration had the highest antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae (p<0.01). The MIC and MBC of the extract were 27.3-190 mg/mL and 58.8-235 mg/mL, respectively, with the MBC: MIC ratio being 2:1. The antimicrobial activity of the hydrolyzable tannin extract against subclinical mastitis bacteria was comparable to the antibiotics (positive controls) at concentrations over 630 mg/mL. Although these in vitro findings are promising, further research is needed to determine whether hydrolyzable tannins could be used to control or prevent subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. Keywords: hydrolyzable tannins, pathogen, subclinical mastitis, Thai Friesian dairy cows.

The World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic on March 11, 2020. COVID-19, the current global health emergency, is wreaking havoc on human health systems and, to a lesser degree, on animals globally. The outbreak has continued since the first report of COVID-19 in China in December 2019, and the second and third waves of the outbreak have already begun in several countries. COVID-19 is expected to have adverse effects on crop production, food security, integrated pest control, tourism, the car industry, and other sectors of the global economy. COVID-19 induces a range of effects in livestock that is reflected economically since human health and livelihood are intertwined with animal health. We summarize the potentially harmful effects of COVID-19 on livestock and possible mitigation steps in response to this global outbreak. Mitigation of the negative effects of COVID-19 and future pandemics on livestock requires the implementation of current guidelines.

Tonometers are an important instrument for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in the diagnosis of glaucoma or uveitis. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of the main types of tonometers with different IOP measurement methodologies in dogs: TonoVet and TonoVet Plus (rebound), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (applanation), and Kowa HA-2 (Goldmann applanation). IOP was measured in 152 eyes of 76 dogs. A postmortem study was performed by comparing manometry and tonometry values and calculating the correlation coefficient (r2), in vivo real IOP (manometry) among the tonometers was compared, and an outpatient study was conducted with healthy eyes and eyes with signs of glaucoma and uveitis. In the postmortem study, the values of r2 in descending order were Kowa (0.989), TonoVet Plus (0.984), TonoVet (0.981), and Tono-Pen Avia Vet (0.847). The IOP values in mmHg in the in vivo study were as follows: Aneroid manometer (16.8±2.5.7), TonoVet (18.1±2.9), TonoVet Plus (20.6±2.3), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (17.1±2.5), and Kowa (16.1±1.7); in outpatient clinics: TonoVet (16.8±3.8), TonoVet Plus (19.2±2.9), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (16.2±2.4), and Kowa (15.0±1.3); glaucoma: TonoVet (30.2±3.5), TonoVet Plus (35.0±6.1), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (29.5±4.2), and Kowa (23.9±5.0); and uveitis: TonoVet (14.2±1.4), TonoVet Plus (17.6±1.9), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (13.7±2.1), and Kowa (12.6±1.7). There was a strong correlation between IOP values and manometry in all the tonometers. The highest values were obtained with TonoVet Plus and the lowest with Kowa HA-2. All tonometers accurately measured IOP in dogs, including the latest TonoVet Plus, which showed an excellent correlation coefficient. Keywords: applanation tonometry, direct manometry, dogs, Goldmann tonometry, rebound tonometry.

Newcastle disease (ND) is widely recognized as an extremely harmful and contagious disease of birds. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of oxidative stress induced by the virulent ND virus (NDV) (KUDU 113) on the plasma, brain, bursa of Fabricius, NDV antibody response, and hematology as well as the ameliorative effect of the individual or combined use of Vitamins E and C on the clinical signs of NDV-infected chickens. In this study, a total of 150 broiler chickens were included and divided into five groups: Group 1, nonsupplemented and unchallenged chickens (UCC); Group 2, nonsupplemented and challenged chickens (ICC); Group 3, Vitamin C-supplemented + challenged chickens; Group 4, Vitamin E-supplemented + challenged chickens; and Group 5, Vitamins E and C-supplemented + challenged chickens. Groups 3, 4, and 5 were supplemented with Vitamins E and C (33 and 400 mg/kg/day, respectively). Virus challenge was done with 0.1 ml of KUDU 113 7 days after the start of vitamin inclusion in their diet. Concentrations of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were analyzed in the plasma, brain, and bursa on days 0, 3, and 7 post-infection (pi) using the biochemical method. The blood samples were randomly collected from five chickens in each group for antibody response and hematological analyses on day 0 previtamin treatment and at 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days pi (dpi). A significant increase in the concentrations of MDA and NO in the NDV-challenged chickens was observed when compared with the UCCs. Moreover, a significant decrease in GSH concentration was observed in the NDV-challenged chickens when compared with the UCCs. The activities of CAT and SOD were reduced markedly in the NDV-challenged chickens. Increases in the mean antibody titers were observed in the NDV-challenged group when compared with the UCCs from days 3 to 21 pi. The mortality rates of groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were 0%, 30%, 3.3%, 3.3%, and 26.6%, respectively. The findings of this study suggest that KUDU 113 causes oxidative stress in the brain and bursa of Fabricius of chickens. Individual supplementation with Vitamin E or C was found to be more effective in ameliorating oxidative stress, improving the immune response, and reducing mortality in KUDU 113 infections than the combined supplementation of Vitamins C and E. Keywords: hematologic parameters, Newcastle disease, oxidative stress, Vitamin C, Vitamin E antibody titer.

Due to the diversified lifestyle and fancy ecology associated with Chitra deer (Axis axis), deer farming has become popular in Bangladesh. Diseases may be the common constrain of successful deer farming. This study aims to investigate the pathological, bacteriological, and nucleic acid based technologies to identify specific causes of morbidity and mortality of captive deer. Two deer farms and a park deer (designated as farm A, B, and C) entailing 87, 54, and 20 deer, respectively, showed illness and death constitute the study materials. A total of 42 deer died during this investigation. Following death, routine post-mortem examination, histopathology, impression smear staining, isolation, and identification of bacteria were carried out. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR were carried out to safeguard the etiology. Clinically, farm A and B showed the acute phase of illness and park deer showed chronic illness. Case fatality rates were 90%, 92%, and 100% in farms A, B, and C deer, respectively. Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus pneumoniae were identified from the visceral organs of farm A deer. Farm B deer was infected with Clostridium perfringens type A. Park deer was infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and hydatid cyst. The infectivity in farm A deer was due to stress as induced by punishing weather. The infectivity in farm B deer was due to feeding a higher volume of protein in the diet. The park C deer may optate infection from companion man and animals living around. The diseases of captive deer identified mainly were zoonotic. It needs extensive veterinary services and specialized technologies to identify these diseases, monitor the infectivity and eliminate the public health important diseases at early onset. Keywords: deer, enterotoxaemia, mycobacterium, pasteurella, zoonosis.

Protamine (PRM) is the major protein in the sperm nucleus and plays an essential role in its normal function. Moreover, PRM has great potential as a protein marker of semen production and quality. This study aimed to assess the potential of sperm bovine PRM as a protein marker of semen production and quality in bulls at the National Artificial Insemination (AI) Center of Indonesia. The semen production capacity of each bull was collected from frozen semen production data at the Singosari AI Center for 6 months, and was then divided into two groups (high and low). A total of 440 frozen semen straws from six Limousin (LIM), six Friesian Holstein (FH), six Peranakan Ongole (PO), and four Aceh bulls aged 4-5 years were used in the study. The frozen semen was used to measure the concentration of PRM1, PRM2, and PRM3 using the enzyme immunoassay method. The frozen semen was also used to assess the quality of the semen, including progressive motility (PM) through computer-assisted semen analysis, sperm viability through eosin–nigrosin analysis, and the DNA fragmentation index through Acridine Orange staining. PRM1 was significantly higher in all bull breeds included in the study (p<0.00), followed by PRM2 (p<0.00) and PRM3 (p<0.00). PRM1 significantly affected semen production in LIM, FH, PO, and Aceh bulls (p<0.05). Moreover, PRM2 significantly affected semen production only in FH and Aceh bulls (p<0.05), whereas PRM3 affected this parameter in PO and Aceh bulls exclusively (p<0.05). Consistently and significantly, PRM1 was positively correlated with the PM and viability of sperm and negatively associated with its DNA fragmentation in LIM, FH, PO, and Aceh bulls (p<0.05; p<0.01). The correlation analysis between PRM2 and PRM3 and semen quality parameters varied across all bull breeds; some were positively and negatively correlated (p<0.05; p<0.01), and some were not correlated at all. PRM1 has excellent potential as a protein marker of semen production and quality in bulls at the National AI Center of Indonesia. Keywords: bull, protamine, protein marker, semen production, semen quality.

The high prevalence of sparganosis has been reported globally, especially in Asian countries where the majority of individuals consume raw meat from wild-caught reptiles. In Indonesia, similar cases regarding the high prevalence of sparganosis were recorded from wild reptiles such as snakes that utilized for culinary purposes, whereas, there are no data regarding other species such as water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator), which also provided as daily culinary with a high number of trades. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of sparganosis in water monitor lizard (V. salvator), which is frequently utilized as culinary products in East Java Province, Indonesia. A total of 313 living wild-caught and captive-bred Asian water monitor lizards were collected from the reptile markets and breeders. All samples were euthanized and observed for the presence of plerocercoid. Identification of the plerocercoid as larval infective stage was made using carmine staining method. The total prevalence of sparganosis was recorded at 69.64%. A total of 393 plerocercoids were collected in which divided 280 (71.24%) infecting muscles and 113 (28.75%) located in subcutaneous tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this study not only recorded as the first evidence but also confirms the role of monitor lizards as sparganosis transmitters in Asia and reveals additional routes of sparganosis transmission in Indonesian reptiles. Local conservation laws should be strengthened to effectively control or ban wildlife trade in traditional markets. Moreover, public awareness regarding sparganosis as a neglected zoonotic disease should be applied to prevent disease transmission in Indonesia. Keywords: infectious disease, sparganosis, Spirometra, Varanus salvator.

Nationally, there has always been a gap between the demand for beef and its supply, although supply growth is proportional with demand growth and even exceeds it in some regions in Indonesia. This research study aims to measure the sustainability status of the beef supply chain and applies the developed measurement system to a specific beef supply chain by identifying suitable indicators and their scale. Moreover, this research study provides some recommendations for the improvement of the sustainability status of the beef supply chain. In this research study, 11 and nine indicators were analyzed to assess the sustainability status of the beef supply chain at the farm and slaughterhouse chain levels. A rapid appraisal for beef supply chain was applied to rapidly assess the sustainability status of beef supply chains using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). The Delphi method was utilized as an iterative process to collect data and obtain consensus of experts' judgments regarding the policies that should be implemented to improve the most sensitive indicator affecting the economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Analysis of ordination with MDS shows the regional sustainability index value for multidimensional approaches of beef cattle farms and beef slaughterhouses. The sustainability index value for beef cattle farms was 56.14 (moderately sustainable), 48.02 (fairly unsustainable), and 48.77 (fairly unsustainable) in Semarang, Sragen, and Boyolali, respectively. Moreover, the sustainability index value for beef slaughterhouses was 47.05 (fairly unsustainable), 54.83 (moderately sustainable), and 54.19 (moderately sustainable) in Semarang, Sragen, and Boyolali, respectively. Policy recommendation was focused on the basis of the results of leverage analysis, which highlighted the most indicative factor affecting sustainability for each dimension. Measurement results revealed that the achievement of beef supply chain sustainability requires targeted efforts through the deployment of several policies as the current status of sustainability in beef farms and beef slaughterhouses was only inclined toward moderately sustainable and fairly unsustainable. Although all the surveyed regions in this study can meet the regional needs of beef meat on their own and even distribute the excess to other regions, none of the beef supply chains of the surveyed region indicated good sustainability. Keywords: beef supply chain, indicators, rapid appraisal for beef supply chain, sustainability.

Antimicrobial peptides are polypeptides that are a component of innate immunity and exhibit antifungal activity. This study aimed to investigate serum beta-defensin-1 levels in cattle diagnosed with trichophytosis, which is a zoonotic skin disease that affects several animal species. A total of 23 young cattle, aged 2-4 months, of different breeds and sexes were selected. Of these, 16 cattle were clinically diagnosed with trichophytosis and seven were healthy. The mean serum beta-defensin-1 levels of the infected animals were lower than those of control animals, yet the difference between the two groups was not significant (p>0.05). No significant alterations occurred in serum beta-defensin-1 levels of cattle with trichophytosis. Keywords: beta-defensin-1, bovine, serum, trichophytosis.

Oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) is an appealing approach for several assisted reproductive technologies and dissecting oocyte maturation. Nonetheless, IVM leads to lower developmental competence and usually relies on undefined, serum-containing media. Therefore, biochemical profiling aimed to explore fluctuations in IVM media content during the acquisition of oocyte developmental competence. Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) underwent IVM in TCM199 medium with Earle's salts, supplemented with 2.0 mM L-glutamine, 10% fetal bovine serum, antibiotics, and 0.05 IU/mL porcine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH+) or vehicle control (CTL) medium for 22 h. FSH withdrawal (CTL) diminished several processes associated with the acquisition of oocyte developmental competence, such as reduced cumulus cell expansion, diminished estradiol synthesis (FSH+: 116.0±0.0 pg/mL vs. CTL: 97.6±18.0 pg/mL), and lower oocyte nuclear maturation rate (FSH+: 96.47% vs. CTL: 88.76%). Fresh media formulations (i.e., TCM199 with FSH or vehicle) were indistinguishable under biochemical profiling threshold conditions. Biochemical profiling showed similar total protein and lipid concentrations between groups. Further, total sugar concentrations diminished from fresh media to their post-IVM counterparts, albeit in an FSH-independent manner. Glycogen concentrations remained unaltered after IVM within CTL media, albeit were substantially lower after IVM under FSH+ conditions. FSH mediates the consumption of serum-derived glycogen by bovine COCs during IVM and implies that serum-free media should contain increased glucose concentrations to facilitate the acquisition of oocyte developmental competence. Keywords: biomolecules, cattle, developmental competence, gonadotropin, granulosa, sera.

Rabies is an important viral zoonotic disease that is mostly transmitted through the bite of a rabid dog. Despite serious efforts regarding its control, rabies is still endemic in many provinces of Indonesia. The study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to rabies in urban and rural areas in three provinces of Indonesia. A total of 432 respondents of different age groups, educational levels, geographical areas, and occupations participated in this study. Data were collected using a pre-designed questionnaire with online and offline modes to assess the KAP of rabies among the respondents. A series of Chi-square tests and frequency distribution analyses were performed to determine associations between response variables. Of the 432 participants, 56.9% were aware of the clinical signs of rabies. Excepting for people at high risk of contracting the disease (e.g., veterinarians), most respondents (83.1%) were not vaccinated against rabies. Surprisingly, 79.4 % of those who were bitten by an infected dog did not seek medical care from the doctor and approximately 71.8% had poor knowledge of rabies control and vaccine campaigns. Of all respondents, 64% (p<0.05, odds ratio=1.63) were vaccinated after an infected dog bite. Similarly, 32% (p<0.05, odds ratio=1.59) were aware of surveys and vaccinations in their areas. In contrast, 20.7% (p<0.05, odds ratio=0.593) reported that rabid dogs were killed in their areas. The majority (89.60%) of the respondents were aware of the fact that rabies can cause death. Most of the respondents (93%) knew that rabies is caused by an infected dog bite. The overall levels of KAP among the respondents were good. The findings of the current study generally show that participants had good knowledge about clinical signs based on their frequency percentage, but lacked knowledge regarding medical treatment and surveys for awareness and vaccination of rabies. Overall, a significant (p<0.05, odds ratio>1) relationship was found among the KAP of participants. This depicts that the majority of the population is aware of rabies and factors involved in its transmission. Keywords: awareness, Bali, East Java, Indonesia, rabies, West Nusa Tenggara, zoonotic disease.

Fowl cholera (FC) caused by Pasteurella multocida is a highly contagious bacterial disease of global importance for poultry production. The severity and incidence of FC caused by P. multocida may vary considerably depending on several factors associated with the host (including species and age of infected birds), the environment, and the bacterial strain. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of multidrug-resistant P. multocida strains isolated from FC outbreaks in laying hens from commercial farms of Bangladesh. We collected 57 samples of suspected FC, including 36 live and 21 dead laying hens. P. multocida isolates were characterized by biochemical and molecular-biological methods. Twenty-two strains of P. multocida were isolated from these samples through phenotypic and genotypic characterization. The strains were grouped into two distinct random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) biotypes harboring a range of pathogenic genes; exbB, ompH, ptfA, nanB, sodC, and hgbA. In this study, 90.90% and 81.82% P. multocida strains were multidrug-resistant and biofilm formers, respectively. Whole-genome sequencing of the two representative RAPD phylotypes confirmed as P. multocida type B: L2:ST122, harboring a number of virulence factors-associated genes (VFGs), and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes (ARGs). In addition, pan-genome analysis revealed 90 unique genes in the genomes of P. multocida predicted to be associated with versatile metabolic functions, pathogenicity, virulence, and AMR. This is first-ever report on the association of P. multocida genotype B: L2:ST122 and related VFGs and ARGs in the pathogenesis of FC in laying hens. This study also provides a genetic context for future researches on the evolutionary diversity of P. multocida strains and their host adaptation. Keywords: biofilm formation, Fowl cholera, genotype B:2, multidrug-resistance, Pasteurella multocida.

Lecithin based diluent such as AndroMed, is a semen diluent made without animal components to prevent the risk of disease transmission, while glutathione (GSH) is an intracellular non-enzymatic antioxidant that prevents cell damage due to reactive oxygen species. Meanwhile, the specific impact of AndroMed and GSH combinations on spermatozoa abnormalities has not been fully studied. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of using cauda epididymal plasma-2 (CEP-2) and AndroMed diluents with or without the addition of GSH on the abnormalities of sexing semen of Ongole crossbred bulls in cold storage. This study used a factorial completely randomized design 2×2, the first factor was types of diluent and the second was with or without the addition of GSH. Observation of spermatozoa abnormalities was carried out at a storage time of 0-5 days using 297 ejaculations of liquid semen, with 100 spermatozoa observed per smear of each ejaculate. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance and the significant threshold (p-value) for statistical analysis was set at <0.05. The results showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between AndroMed and CEP-2 in minimizing the abnormalities of upper layer spermatozoa (X), with parameters DH and AD on day 0, damage of spermatozoa (DMR) on days 1-5, and dag-like defect (DLD) on day 5. Furthermore, spermatozoa abnormalities in the lower layer (Y) showed a significant difference between diluents in the parameters of AD on day 1, DMR on days 0-5, and DLD on days 1-5. The significant difference between with or without the addition of GSH in the X sperm was observed in the DH parameters on day 0 and DMR on 5, while there was no significant difference in the Y sperm. Based on the results, AndroMed has the potential to minimize spermatozoa abnormalities compared to CEP-2 diluent in sexed liquid semen. Therefore, AndroMed diluents with or without the addition of 1 mM GSH have no significant effect on spermatozoa abnormalities. Keywords: Lecithin, cauda epididymal plasma-2, glutathione, spermatozoa abnormality.

The peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) is an excellent cell source for in vitro studies, particularly those involving immunology. The aim of this study was to determine the quality and quantity of chicken PBMCs isolated from freshly drawn blood as well as blood that had been chilled for 24 h. In addition, the survival of PBMCs cultured in medium was investigated. Blood samples were collected from 12 Betong and 12 Leghorn chickens. Hemograms were analyzed. Density gradient centrifugation was used to isolate PBMCs. PBMCs (2×106 cells/mL) were cultured in a culture medium and incubated in a CO2 incubator for 5 consecutive days. The number of viable cells was determined using the trypan blue dye exclusion method. Blood samples were obtained from healthy chickens. There was no statistically significant difference in the total amount of PBMC between fresh and refrigerated blood samples from both chicken breeds. The viability of PBMCs isolated from fresh blood (95%) was significantly greater than blood refrigerated for 24 h (90-92%) in both breeds. Furthermore, the viability of PBMCs isolated from both blood samples decreased significantly over time, from 90-95% to 60-65%. The total number of PBMC in fresh and refrigerated blood was not significantly different. Fresh blood-derived PBMCs had significantly higher viability than 24 h refrigerated blood PBMCs. Furthermore, the viability of PBMCs decreased significantly over time. Keywords: Betong chicken, cell viability, leghorn chicken, lifespan, peripheral blood mononuclear cell.

Sheep production plays a crucial role in the economy of Lesotho by increasing economic state of the rural poor. However, gastrointestinal parasites infection is the most limiting factor in sheep productivity and has a highly detrimental effect on the sheep industry. Therefore this study aimed to evaluate farmers' awareness and understanding of controlling gastrointestinal parasites of merino sheep in four Lesotho agro-ecological zones. Data were collected using a simple random sampling of 106 farmers in the lowlands, foothills, mountains, and Senqu river valley. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 20.00). Descriptive statistics were employed with cross-tabulations and tested with Chi-square and post hoc tests. The majority of farmers (80%) were aware of the gastrointestinal parasites. Most farmers (70%) reported a high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and associated it with lamb mortality in summer and autumn. Farmers use anthelmintics for treating gastrointestinal parasites in animals, and 93% of them reported the effectiveness of the drugs. However, more than 80% of farmers routinely use anthelmintics. The results revealed that 81.5%, 66.7%, 80%, and 66.7% of farmers from the lowlands, foothills, mountains, and Senqu river valley, respectively, keep sheep in non-roofed enclosures cleaned only after rains to avoid mud. Communal grazing is used as the main source of animal feeding where different livestock species share the same rangelands. Most farmers (more than 70%) believed that grazing lands were the main source of gastrointestinal parasites transmission. Farmers in Lesotho are aware of gastrointestinal parasites and apply control methods to combat the gastrointestinal parasites in merino sheep. However, a need still exists for them to be empowered with skills for improving management systems and the knowledge on how the gastrointestinal parasites behave at different times of the year and in different agro-ecological zones. This will assist them in adhering to the dosing schedule designed by animal health experts. Keywords: farmers' perspective, gastrointestinal parasites, Lesotho, Merino sheep farmers.

Mycoplasma infection in small ruminants is a serious problem in sheep and goat herds around the world. It is responsible for high economic losses and decreased animal productivity. This study aimed to highlight the clinical, histopathological, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma species in sheep and goats in Menoufiya Governorate, Egypt. A total of 234 samples were collected; 104 samples were collected from pneumonic lung tissues from the abattoir, in addition, 10 and 20 samples collected from apparently and diseased sheep, respectively, and 40 and 60 samples were collected from apparently and diseased goats, respectively, which were subjected to isolation onto pleuropneumonia-like organism medium. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), histopathological examination, and determination of the MIC were also performed. Of 104 samples of lung tissues showing pneumonic lesions, 56 (53.84%) were positive for Mycoplasma isolation. The positive isolation of Mycoplasma from 10 and 20 samples from apparently and diseased sheep was 30% and 40%, respectively as well as the positive isolation of Mycoplasma was 17% and 56.66% out of 40 and 60 apparently healthy and diseased field goat's cases, respectively. All the diseased sheep and goats showed respiratory manifestations, including cough, bilateral nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, and systemic reaction. Evaluation of the MIC for Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae revealed that lincospectin and tylosin were the most effective antibiotics at 2.5 μg/mL. Histopathological examination of affected lung tissue showed extensive hemorrhagic pneumonia with extensive alveolar hemorrhage. The PCR technique proved to be a rapid, specific, and sensitive method for the detection of M. ovipneumoniae and Mycoplasma arginini at 390 and 326 bp, respectively. M. ovipneumoniae and M. arginini were the most prevalent species associated with respiratory infections in sheep and goats in the study area. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of these species in dissemination of the disease within herds of small ruminants. Keywords: goats, minimum inhibitory concentration, Mycoplasma, polymerase chain reaction, prevalence, sheep.

Mechanical ventilation is essential for supporting patients' respiratory function when they are under general anesthesia. For cats with limited lung capacity, the different effects of volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) and pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) on respiratory function remain elusive. The objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy of VCV and PCV in cats under general anesthesia using a cuffed endotracheal tube (ETT). Twelve healthy cats were randomly allocated to either a VCV or PCV group. Five tidal volumes (6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 mL/kg) were randomly applied to assess the efficacy of VCV, and respiratory rates were adjusted to achieve a minute ventilation of 100 mL/kg/min. Peak inspiratory pressures (4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 mmHg) were randomly applied to assess the efficacy of PCV, and respiratory rates were adjusted to achieve a minute ventilation of 100 mL/kg/min. Blood pressure, gas leakages, and end-tidal CO2 were recorded from 60 trials for airway control during the use of VCV or PCV. Data were compared using Fisher's exact test with a significance level of p<0.05. Leakages did not differ between VCV (1/60 events) and PCV (0/60 events; p=0.500). Hypercapnia was identified when using VCV (6/60 events) less frequently than when using PCV (7/60 events; p=0.762), but did not reach statistical significance. Hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure <60 mmHg) occurred less frequently with VCV (0/60 events) than with PCV (9/60 events; p=0.003). Moreover, VCV provided a significantly lower work of breathing (151.10±65.40 cmH2O mL) compared with PCV (187.84±89.72 cmH2O mL; p<0.05). VCV in cats using a cuffed ETT causes less hypotension than PCV. It should be noted that VCV provides a more stable tidal volume compared with PCV, resulting in a more stable minute volume. Nonetheless, VCV should not be used in patients with an airway obstruction because higher peak airway pressure may occur and lead to lung injury. Keywords: endotracheal tube, hypotension, pressure-controlled ventilation, respiratory work, volume-controlled ventilation.

Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the intracellular bacterium, Coxiella burnetii. A few studies focused on the occurrence of Q fever infection in water buffaloes in Thailand have been conducted; however, little is known regarding the seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies in buffaloes. In the present study, we describe the prevalence of Q fever infection in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Phatthalung, Thailand. A total of 421 samples (156 blood, 156 sera, and 109 ectoparasites [lice]) were collected from 156 water buffaloes from 29 farms of the Phatthalung Province from January 22, 2021, to March 26, 2021. The blood and ectoparasite samples were screened for C. burnetii DNA using a polymerase chain reaction assay and the sera were tested for C. burnetii antibody using an indirect immunofluorescence assay. C. burnetii DNA was not detected in blood or ectoparasites; however, the seroprevalence of individual water buffaloes was 4.49% (95% CI: 2.19-8.99%), whereas that of the herd was 13.79%. There was a significant difference between abortion history and Q fever infection at 29 farms (p=0.005; OR=33.55 [95%CI: 156-722.38]). This is the first report describing the low seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies in water buffaloes in Phatthalung Province, Thailand. The occurrence of this pathogen in buffaloes with reproductive disorders and people working with buffaloes warrant further investigation. Animal health authorities should inform farmers to effectively prevent and control this zoonosis. Keywords: Coxiella burnetii, indirect immunofluorescence assay, Q fever, seroprevalence, Thailand, water buffaloes.