Prevalence and Risk Factor Assessment of Peste des petits ruminants in Goats in Rajshahi , Bangladesh

The study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of Peste des petitis ruminants (PPR) in goats in Rajshahi District of Bangladesh, and its relation to age, sex, breeds and seasonal influence. In total, 627 goats were examined where 305 were males and 322 were females. The overall prevalence of PPR in goats was found to be 20.57% (n=129). From the various risk factors analysed, age categories of goats, sex, breed and seasonal influence were found to be significantly associated (p<0.01) with the prevalence of PPR. Findings suggested that the seasonal influence on outbreaks of this disease was significantly higher. The clinical prevalence of PPR was highest in the month of December (31.68%) and lowest in June (9.52%). The influence of sex on PPR outbreaks was found to be higher in male (28.52%) than female (13.04%) goats. As regards to age, PPR was significantly higher in young (31.06%) compared to sucklers (13.14%) and adult (10.15%). The susceptibility of Black Bengal goats to PPR was higher than other breeds. The results of this study showed that PPR is an important goat disease in the studied areas. Thus, an appropriate control strategy has to be designed and applied, which could involve prevention of contact with infected goats and vaccination against the PPR virus.


Introduction
of mucous membranes and inflammation of gastrointestinal tract, leading to severe diarrhea.PPR occurs Goats are reared by farmers mostly as a subsidiary in an epizootic form, it may have dramatic consequences occupation or by poor people in Bangladesh.It is more with morbidity of 80-90% and mortality between 50 a way of life rather than a commercial enterprise and and 80% (Lefevre and Diallo, 1990).The virus that goat herds provide substantial part of farmer's income.causes PPR belongs to the morbilli virus group of the Goat meat and skin ranked 38% and 28% respectively, paramyxoviridae family.It is closely related to rinder of the total meat and skin produced from livestock in pest virus which makes the PPR an important disease Bangladesh (FAO, 1997).
of small ruminants and has created tremendous Ravages caused by diseases act as one of the problems due to its apparent similarity to rinder pest prime production limiting factors in goats all over the (Lefever and Diallo, 1990).

world. Effective disease management plays an integral
The disease is endemic in the Arabian Peninsula part of goats development programme to optimize the (Taylor et al., 1990), the Middle East and in the Indian productivity of these animals.Infectious diseases are subcontinent (Shaila et al., 1996).The existence of significant impediments to the economical rearing of PPR in goats has been recognized and confirmed by small ruminants (Radostits et al., 2000).
the World Reference Laboratory, National Reference Among these infectious diseases, Pest des petitis Laboratory for PPR, Greifswald, as early as 1993 (Sil ruminants (PPR) has become a much more important et al., 1995).It was found that the isolates from disease because it causes heavy economic losses.PPR Bangladesh were closely related with other strains is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of small from India, and clustered within the Asian group of ruminants particularly in sheep and goats, characterized PPR viruses (Barrett et al., 1997).The outbreaks of by high fever, erosive stomatitis, mucopurulent nasal PPR caused 74.13% morbidity and 54.83% mortality and ocular discharge, pneumonia, necrosis and ulceration in Black Bengal goats in Bangladesh (Islam et al., 2001 andDas et al., 2007).Since, no studies on the prevalence of PPR in goats was found to be 20.57%.prevalence of PPR in goats have been undertaken in This observation was supported by that of Ozkul et al. this area, the present study was therefore carried out to (2002) where they found that the prevalence of PPR in investigate the prevalence of PPR in goats in Rajshahi goats was 20%.Conversely, the finding of this study of Bangladesh, and its relation to age, sex, breeds and was slightly lower than the prevalence of 32.4% seasonality.
reported in India while The disease was diagnosed depending disease is most prevalent in the goats less than one year on the clinical history collected from owner, clinical of age.Goats in Bangladesh are typically reared as signs and symptoms.The clinical examination of the scavengers.Sometimes, mother does with small kids affected animals revealed high fever (106-107°F), are kept tethered besides the house.Moreover, young mild conjunctivitis, congestion of the third eye lids goats need additional nutritional supplement for their and mild ocular and nasal discharges.Erosive lesions sexual maturity and body weight gain.As a result, they were present on the inner side of the upper lip.All animals are suffered from long term malnutrition which prone exhibited diarrhea.On the external examination, the to disease susceptibility (Saadullah, 1991).The carcass was dehydrated (sunken eyes) along with the increased susceptibility of young goats were might be soiling of hind quarters.Visual inspection, palpation, due to malnutrition, poor immunity and poor percussion and auscultation methods were used to management systems.examine the affected goats (Lefevre and Diallo, 1990).Association of prevalence with sexes of goats: Data analysis: All the data that were collected (age, The association between sex and prevalence of PPR in sex, breeds and seasonality) were entered to MS excel goats was investigated (Table 2).The study revealed (Microsoft office 2007, USA) and analyzed by using that the prevalence of PPR in goats was higher SPSS version 13 (Coakes et al., 2006).Descriptive (28.52%) in males than females (13.04%), which is in statistics were used to determine the prevalence of the agreement with the findings of Rahman et al. (2004).
2 disease and the chi-square (χ ) test was utilised to The results showed that the prevalence of PPR was examine the significance of the differences observed significantly (p<0.01)associated with the sexes of within the categories analyzed.
goats.Males are apparently more prone to the disease than females may be due to genetic factors.

Results and Discussion
Prevalence of PPR in both breeds of goats: In the The total goat population in the Rajshahi district present investigation, a significant (p<0.01)variation is 324056 (BBS, 2002).Of the 627 goat examined, 129 in breed susceptibility was observed where the disease were found to be clinically affected.

of PPR based on age category:
(Ozkul et al., 2002)ere examined(Singh et al., 2004).It is difficult to draw sampling procedures in the different studies that affect The study was conducted between March 2010 and January 2011, at the Veterinary Clinic their representativeness(Ozkul et al., 2002). of the University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi district, during Prevalence Age of animals was analysed in three categories.The prevalence of PPR was suspected to be after outbreak.A total of of PPR in goats with age categories adult (>1 year), 627 goats were examined where 305 and 322 were young (between 4 to 12 months) and sucklers males and females accordingly.A pre-tested questionnaire (between 1 to 3 months) was found to be 10.15%, was filled during the examination, containing various 31.06%and13.14%,respectively (Table1).There was types of information regarding demographic (age, sex, significant difference (p<0.01) between the age categories breed) characteristics, previous disease and preventive and the outbreaks of PPR in goats.Radostits et al. measures taken during examination.
(2000)and Singh et al. (2004) also assessed that the Clinical study:

Table - 1. Prevalence of PPR in goats in different age categories
(Mondal et al., 1995)mostly (27.13%) indigenous Black Bengal * Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level goats.This observation was supported by that of on the prevalence of PPR in goats in Rajshahi DistrictMondal et al., (1995), where they found that the and its association with different risk factors.High prevalence of PPR is higher in indigenous Black prevalence of PPR in goats suggested that the level of Bengal (27.13%) goats than Jamunapari (11.81%) and vaccine coverage might not be enough to achieve herd exotic breeds (9.68%).Higher incidence of PPR in immunity.We recommend pastoralist awareness to indigenous Black Bengal goats may be due to enhance participation in disease surveillance and immunosuppression and irregular vaccination control program for better controlling the PPR in compared to cross breeds(Mondal et al., 1995).Rajshahi. *

Table - 2. Prevalence of PPR in goats of different sexes
* Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level *

Table - 3. Association between outbreak of PPR and seasonal influences
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level