One Health One Medicine One World: Co-joint of Animal and Human Medicine with Perspectives, A review

Human and veterinary medicine have many commonalities. The split into distinct disciplines occurred at different times in th different places. In Europe, the establishment of the first veterinary university toward the end of 18 century was triggered by ravaging renderpest epidemics and the increasing importance of live stock for draft, food, supply and war fare. Given this background, would it make sense to combine human, animal, traditional, and modern medicine in health care provisions especially in less developed countries? Such a one health one medicine approach would enhance biomedical progress, improve the outreach medical and veterinary serves especially in remote areas, after great choices to patients and make health care more culturally appropriate on the hand, it would require generality rather than specialists. Because rare diseases may go unrecognized. The commonalities of human and veterinary medicine and the financial constraints many governments are presently facing are arguments in favor of a one health one medicine approach, while status thinking, education system, administrative structures and legislation hinder its implementations. Gradually, change in education and training, the creation of institutional linkages, and the removal of legal barriers could help overcome obstacles.


Introduction
only partially, because traditional medical systems which usually embrace all species continue to exist Human and animal medicine interface at many alongside modern ones (Mathias, 1998).points.These include basic principles of medical sciences, The one health initiative was formed in 2007 by research on disease causing organisms, disease American medical association and American veterinary transmission and diagnostic treatment methods are to medical association to promote, improve and defend name a few.Also whether in developed or less developed the health and well being of all species by enhancing countries, alternative practices including traditional, cooperation and collaboration between physicians, indigenous and local ones are gaining importance and veterinarians and scientific health professionals.recognition in both medicines.Given these commonalities, Many public health professionals also view environmight it make sense to combine elements of human, mental health as essential to the purpose of one health.animal, traditional and modern medicine in health The basic idea is that human health could not be provisions especially in least developed countries protected unless animal health and environmental (Mathias, 1998).
health are also addressed (Slenning, 2010).Down through history, medical practitioners Recent incidents involving emerging zoonotic have often treated both human and animals.Typically, diseases and public health consequence of environmental they specialized in certain problems (example degradation have led toughen calls for veterinary bonesetters) or treatment types (example herbalists) medicine, human medicine, and environmental health rather than in a given species (Schwab, 1996).The approaches to be combined and prioritized.One split between human and veterinary medicine that is means to explore the health perspective is to assess today taken for granted in developed countries Global Climate Change (GCC), since GCC affects occurred at different times in different places (Arjaria, the environment on which humans and animals, as 1996).In most least developed countries, however, the well as the disease vectors and pathogens affecting spilt into human and animal medicine has occurred both groups.The objective of this review is to provide an overview on how to improve the lives of humans convectional system health care services transferred and animals through integration of human medicine without modification from other countries are difficult and veterinary medicine and address some of the links and expensive to maintain and do not meet the need of between veterinary and human medicine (Slenning, the bulk of the population (Mathias, 1996).2010).

One Health Past and Present In Human and Animal
One healthy is a contemporary term describing Medicine the collaboration of varies scientific disciplines in the In history, medical practitioners have often pursuit of better health for humans, animals, and ecosystems.It is an emerging area of professional treated both people and animals.Typically, they practice arising the recognition of the growing inter specialized in certain problems rather than in a given connection and overlap economic, cultural, and species for example ancient Egyptian healer priests applied the practical medical knowledge they gained physical of the constituents.One health understands from dissection of scarification bulls to humans as that humans do not exist in isolation, but are part of the larger, total living ecosystem, and that activities and well (Schwab, 1996).
condition of each member affect the others (Scott, The split between human and veterinary 2008).medicine that is today taken for granted in developed The interconnectedness of human ,animal, and countries occurred at different times in different places environmental health is at the heart of one health, an if, indeed, it occurred at all.In India, the first increasingly important prism through which veterinary clinic was founded in the third century BC governments, non governmental organizations, and (Anjaria, 1996).In Europe the first indication of the practitioners view human health.An important split date about 200BC (Von Driesch, 1989).Still for a implication of one health approach is that integrated long time, European medical practitioners continued policy interventions that simultaneously and to treat all species .The was true in frontier America holistically address multiple and interacting causes of (McCorkle, 1998).
poor human health, unsafe and scarce water, lack of Not until 1762 was the first veterinary university sanitation, food insecurity, and close proximity founded in the western world at Lyons in France between animals and humans will yield significantly (Schwab, 1984).Now days in addition being taught in larger health benefits than policies that target each different universities or faculties being practiced in of these factors individually in isolation (Clifford and different faculities, human and animal medicine are Coppliloo, 2009).separated by law in a some developed countries.For One health seeks to solve to shift the paradigm instance, German veterinarians are not permitted to the current individual or disease centered approach to treat people except in emergencies cases (Michael, a system or community based.It is a creative way to 2010).In most least developed countries, however, the view human, animal and ecosystem health practitioners split into human and animal medicine has occurred and environmental scientists in a collaborative and only partially, because traditional medical systems, synergistic effort.The concept of one health is defined which usually embrace all species, continue to exist as the collaborative effort of multiple disciplines, alongside modern ones (Mathias, 1998).
working locally, nationally and globally, to reach Traditional systems prevail especially in remote optimal health for humans, animals, and the environment areas where local healers are the only health care providers accessible to people and their animals.(American Veterinary Medicial Association and Where modern medicine is available, it is divided into Western Veterinary Conference, 2008).human n and veterinary medicine as in developed Every day thousands of children and adults die conutries.The two medicines are taught and practiced from under diagnosed diseases that have arisen at at different facilities, mainly in cities and by government human-animal-environment interface, especially program and big projects.In least developed countries, diarrhea and respiratory diseases in developing university education and public health and veterinary countries (Clifford and Copplillo, 2009).Explosive services have almost universally been modeled on human population in growth and environmental those of donor countries, with little consideration changes have resulted in increased numbers of people given to the host country's particular cultural, economic, living in close contact with wild and domestic animals.and other conditions.Indeed, whether in least developed Unfortunately, this increased contact together with or developed there is growing dissatisfaction with changed in land use, including livestock grazing and crop production have altered the inherent ecological species biological interactions, clinical approaches, balance between pathogens and their human and animal and preventive medicine make ideal and critical public hosts.In fact zoonotic pathogens, such as influenza health collaborators (American Veterinary Medicial and severe acute respiratory syndrome account for the Association and Western Veterinary Conference, majority of infectious diseases in people and more 2008).than three quarter of emerging zoo noses are the result Wild Life: Seventy five percent of infectious agents of wild life origin pathogens (Deolalikar, 2009).
originate from endemic including wild life.Human The one health concept promotes the integration oncorochment into wild life habitats invites these of human, animal and environmental health by infectious agents to become pathogen for human communication collaboration among multiple populations.It important to identify the routes by disciplines.Successful one health examples during the which these agents find their way to the human host th late 19 century include, anthrax, tuberculosis and to understand their impact on the animals that immune system (Kaplan and Echols, 2009).
serve as the primary and intermediate hosts veterinarians are in a unique position to deploy their back grounds One Health Veterinary Issue That Demand and understanding of animal diseases to identify, Attention manage and control these diseases (Jones, 2009).Zoonotic Disease: Zoonotic disease are those passed Disaster Preparedness: The challenge to be better between human and animals.Lyme diseases, hantavirus, prepared for natural and manmade disasters is a huge bovine spongiform encephalopathy (colloquially concern for all, but veterinarians are in a unique known as 'mad cow disease), and avian influenza are position to appreciate the implication of disasters on typical examples.Emerging zoonotic diseases are both human and animal communities.Currently the those caused by new agents or by previously known over whelming majority of disaster relief efforts are agents appearing in places or species in which diseases targeted only but veterinarians understand the are on the rise ,due a large part to a sharply increasing extricable link between humans and animals.Drawing human population and its expansion into new areas.
on their knowledge of animal epidemiology, health Seventy five percent of emerging infectious diseases husbandry, and behavior, veterinarians can uniquely over the past ten years have been caused by pathogens contribute to improving quality of life for both animals originating from animals or their products.Veterinarians and humans in the event of disaster (Jones, 2009).find themselves on the front lines in recognizing, diagnosing, and responding to these diseases (Clifford Antimicrobial Resistance: The emergency and and Coppolillo, 2009).
spread of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria, virus, and other disease causing organisms is treating Food Safety: Our dependence for plants and animals our ability to combat infectious diseases.Past miss use for food increases as rapidly as the human population and poor understanding of antimicrobials have expands .The demand for food expected to increase by accelerated the natural evolution of pathogenic 50% before 2020.Its increasing important to provide organisms to be resistant.The result today is that our safe and adequate food and water for the world as the weapon against these organisms is losing power.Even global population to the brink of seven billion though the full scope of the resistance problem is consumers.Veterinarians have the expertise to address legally unknown, veterinarians are on the front of food production practices, ecosystem management proper use, comprehensive control measures, and in and microbial contamination problems associated antibiotic development and application (Deolalikar, with food safety (Scott, 2008).

grazing, encroachment of farming and human
The one initiative is a movement to forge co-activities ion to wild life habitat, suwage pollutants, equal an inclusive collaborations between physicians, and induce toxins contribute to the threats and osteopaths, veterinarian, dentists and other scientific degradation of environmental resources that sustain health a and environmentally related disciplines, life.Global trading mass transportation, industrialization including the American society of tropical medicine a of food processing, altered tropism (organism's natural and hygiene, the center for disease control prevention, response to stimuli) also contributes to the increasing Center for Disease control and prevention, United pressure and spread of diseases and contamination.
States Department of Agriculture, National (Mathias, Veterinarians, their education in multi-and cross Environmental Health Association.Additionally more health.The future will most likely bring more than 535 prominent scientists, physicians and collaboration of veterinarians from all fields with veterinarians worldwide have endorsed the initiative multiple professionals such as public health, human (Mathias, 1998).
medicine bio-engineering, animal science, environ-Coordination of wild life, environmental, human mental science, and wild life.Together, we are strong and domestic health sectors improves our ability to to fight disease and we arte indeed, wiser (American peredveny disease events rather than simply reacting Veterinary Medical Association and Western them.Prevention is always preferable to control because Veterinary Conference, 2008;Michael, 2010).it actively avoids the impact of diseases and some Components of the One-Medicine Concept control methods have negative social environmental results (Western Veterinary Conference, 2008).
The following constitute basic activates of Combating zoo noses effectively will require a modern medicines whether human or veterinary.Clinical one health approach an inter disciplinary Collabra tive services, epidemiological surveillance, disease control, model for prevention and control of infectious diseases (forexample diagnostic, vaccination, quarantine and epidemics, as well as chronic illness that affect humans others), research, health education and extension, and and animals.Physicians, veterinarians, ecologists, administration (Mathias, 1998) and more over, expedites it to include traditional and well as modern theory and practices (Mathias, 1998 ).

The concept of one medicine has been discussed
Advantages of Integration: Combining human and for many years, but for all practical purposes and animal medicine can stimulate greater progress, in despite the ongoing discovers of numerous commobio-medical knowledge as whole, greater efficiencies nalities in the physiology and pathophysiology and in disease control.In large part, this is because the human and veterinary medicine thinks one medicine principle of basic bio-medical science is the same for concept was lost and the human and veterinary both disciplines (Kaplan and Echols, 2009).Of course, medical disciplines developed into separate professions there are subjects, findings, procedures, and (Western Veterinary Conference, 2008).One reason experiences specific to each.For example, veterinary for the split is that over time societies have grown more training covers multiple species, where as physicians populous, complex and demanding (Mathias, 1998).
training usually deals with only one (humans).The veterinarian is the only health care professional Veterinary science also touches on some non -medical likely to see both people and their animals.So he\she fields that are no parallel in human medicine such as therefore has awareness of the potential threat of food processing or agriculture.Multi disciplinary zoonotic diseases and has the ability and responsibility teams of doctors and veterinarians would be better for detections zoonotic\emerging diseases.Fortunately, able to tackle complex, multiface, research and disease veterinarians have considerable training in comparative control problems than unidisciplinary teams.For rural medicine, zoonoses, and public health.Physicians on populations in poorer nations, implementing the onethe other hand do not receive extensive training in medicine concept can potentially improve expand comparative medicine and zoo noses.Therefore cost-effective care services for all species (Mathias, 1998).veterinarians are in abettor position to discover public health threats than are physicians.The are also in ideal One World: About two-third of (60.3%) excutive position for in establishing a disease surveillance information and dicision suport result from zoonoses; the majority of these has their origin in wild life system using pets as sentinels of disease exposure in (71.8%) and has been increasing in recent years.The the home environment and in the world.In addition veterinarians in companion animal practice would researchers found that over 50% (54.3%) of excutive work together with family physicians and introduced information and dicision events were due to bacteria, to veterinarians as well (American Veterinary Medical and their data base included a large number of drug resistant organisms.The major finding was that there Association and Western Veterinary Conference, 2008).
was a high correlation between excutive information Veterinarians regardless, their of field of practice and dicision origins and socio-economic, environall play a significant role in human health and animal . environmental scientists, laboratory animal specialists, Integrating Human and Veterinary Medicine: If and other health science-related disciplines must work there has been good historical reason for health care together, equally with regard to 'turf' barriers (Kaplan separation and specialization, what would be the and Echols, 2009).advantage of returning to the one medicine concept