due to Cordylobia anthropophaga

Aim: The study was designed to evaluate the common pathogenic bacteria associated with cutaneous canine myiasis caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga, and their prevalence in relation to breed, sex and age of the infested dogs. 
 
Materials and Methods: A total of one hundred and thirty three (133) myiasis wound swabs and Cordylobia anthropophaga larvae were collected from infested dogs and analyzed for pathogenic bacteria using microscopic, cultural and biochemical methods. 
 
Results: The most commonly encountered bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus 75 (56.4%), Streptococcus spp. 16 (12%) and Escherichia coli 7 (5.3%). Other organisms isolated include, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Corynebacteria species, while mixed infection of S. aureus and Streptococcus spp were also observed. The rate of infection was found to be highest among the age groups 1–20 weeks and least in the 91 – 100 (week) age groups. The breed of dogs mostly infected with these bacteria was the local breed (Mongrel) while the German shepherd /Alsatian breeds were the least infected and with 58.6% (78) and 4.5% (6) percentage respectively. Male dogs showed more propensities to bacterial infection of all the types isolated and accounted for 60.9% (81) in contrast to the female dogs with 39.11% (52) infection rate. Pure bacteria isolates were frequently encountered 94.7% (126), while mixed infection accounted for just 5.3% (7). 
 
Conclusion: Our results indicates that several pathogenic and zoonotic bacteria are associated with C. antropophaga myiasis in dogs, and should serve as concern for pet owners and veterinarians.


Introduction
case the larvae are linked with bacteria contaminated skin wounds and or faeces matted hair coat [3,4].Myiasis is the infestation of human and Clinical signs associated with canine myiasis vertebrate animals with the larval stages of Dipterian include numerous erythematous and furunculoid skin flies, and is known to occur facultatively or lesions which oozes out serous fluid, application of obligatorily.The infestation occurs at various sites of pressure on such lesions leads to the expulsion of the the body such as eyes, intestine, mouth, nose, urinolarva(e) with liquefied hemorrhagic or purulent tissues genital tract and brain where they survive and cause which may be contaminated with microorganisms [5,6].damages by feeding on dead or living tissues, ingested While a significant number of bacteria in food or liquid body substances [1,2].cutaneous myiasis of domestic animals are caused by Dipteran flies that have been known to cause opportunistic pathogens of the skin flora, others are canine myiasis include; Cordylobia anthropophaga, caused by opportunistic bacterial pathogens inoculated Dermatobia hominis, Cochliomyia hominivorax, into the skin by arthropod ectoparasites and opportunistic Oestrus ovis and Phormia sericatus.These flies are pathogens from the unhygienic environment [7].widespread in the tropics and subtropics of Africa and The knowledge of zoonotic bacteria of public the Americas, but occur with less frequency in other health importance in cutaneous canine myiasis has not areas of the world.Canine myiasis as in other animals could be obligatory in that the larvae invades fresh and been reported in Nigeria, in this study, an evaluation of uncontaminated skin wounds, or facultative in which the common pathogenic bacteria associated with
Identification of the larvae was carried out using the posterior spiracular plate method [9].In brief, each Materials and Methods larva was boiled in 10% potassium hydroxide for 5 Survey and sample collection: A total of 133 swab minutes and the posterior spiracle cut to a depth of samples from dogs with Cutaneous myiasis wounds about 1 mm.Excess tissue around the plate was teased were collected from three major veterinary clinics in out before being dehydrated in varying concentrations Plateau State, Nigeria: The Veterinary Clinic, National of alcohol (70-100%).Zylene cleaning took place Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, ECWA Veterinary before DPX mounting and observation under the Clinic, Bukuru, and Plateau State Veterinary Clinic, Polo dissecting and light microscopes.field Jos.

Results
Papules and pustules suspected of containing larvae were swabbed with 70% ethanol before Of the one hundred and thirty three samples applying pressure to the base of each papule to express screened, five bacterial species were identified and in the larva and subsequently remove it with sterile the following order of abundance; Staphylococcus forceps.Sterile cotton was used to swab the surface of aureus 75 (56.4%),Staphylococcus epidermidis 18 each larva and lesion.Each swab sample was (13.5%),Streptococcus spp 16 (12.0%),Corynebacteria inoculated into a Brain Heart infusion broth and placed spp 9 (6.8%) and Escherichia coli 7 (5.3%).Mixed in a cold box while the larvae were put in 10 mL bijou infection of Staphylococcus spp and Streptococcus spp bottles and transported to the Bacteriology Division accounted for 8 (6.0%).We recorded Staphylococcus and Parasitology Division laboratories of the National spp infection in all age groups whereas infection due to Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria for E. coli was limited to the 1-20 weeks age bracket.analysis and larval identification.
Table 1 shows the distributions of bacteria with age groups of dogs.The incidence of bacteria was high

Bacteriologic and parasitologic investigations:
within the age bracket 1-10 weeks and low in age Bacteriological analysis included isolation of possible bracket 91-100 weeks.Generally incidence of pathogenic potential pathogens according to standard procedures (Staphylococcus aureus) and non pathogenic (Staphylococcus of American Public Health Association (APHA) epidermidis) bacteria decreased with age.(1992).Briefly, the myiasis lesion was swabbed with a Table 2 shows the percentage distribution of all sterile swab and inoculated into Brain Heart infusion broth (pH: 7.2 + 0.2).Bacteria were mechanically the bacteria isolated among various breeds of dogs.removed by shaking the broth.The swab in the culture Mongrel (local breed) had the highest (58.6%) and 0 broth was incubated at 37 C for 24-48 hours; this was German shepherd the lowest (4.5%).Staphylococcus followed by streaking a loopful of the broth onto blood aureus and Streptococcus species were isolated in agar (BA) (Oxoid), MacConkey agar (MCA) and almost all the breeds of dogs.Table-3 shows Deoxycholate Citrate agar (DCA) and then incubated percentage distribution of isolated bacteria according 0 at 37 C for 24-48hours.
to the sex of dogs.Males were mostly infected with a After the observation of the colonial characteristics total of 60.9% and female least with 39.1%. of the potential bacterial organisms on the different Parasitological examination revealed that all the solid media agar plates were made, the suspect larvae examined were identified as Cordylobia organisms were further identified based on their microscopic, anthropophaga larvae.

Discussion
but may be due to the low value placed on the breed and the resultant neglect in care and nutrition, thus All the larvae samples isolated from dogs with exposing them to myiasis infestation and bacteria myiasis in this study were identified as Cordylobia infection.Other breeds of dogs encountered in this anthropophaga larvae, and this is in tandem with the study are of foreign origin, expensive and well catered results obtained in the same study area by Ogo, et al., [9].for, and this may explain the low infection rates for the Of the total 133 samples screened, 75 (56.4%)various organisms encountered.Also, of the total were found to be positive for pathogenic Staphylococcus samples screened male dogs were observed to be more aureus, 18 (13.5%)for non-pathogenic Staphylococcus infected with pathogens with percentage of 60.2% epidermidis and 16 (12.0%)for Streptococcus species.(80) than female dogs which had 39.8% (53).From Most of the organisms isolated from the wounds these figures Staphylococcus aureus infection was and larvae in this study have been incriminated in observed in a total of 48 male and 26 females respectively.pyogenic dermatitis of dogs [10], thus the possibility Although Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, of dogs with concurrent myiasis infestation and any Corynebacteria spp and Escherichia coli amongst predisposing factor such as endocrine in-balance, others are considered as normal / transient bacteria in metabolic disorders or immune deficiencies may lead canine skin, they have been known to play a role as to pyogenic dermatitis.Results from our investigation secondary pathogens [10], and the propensity for these show that incidence of pathogenic bacteria or organisms to become pathogenic is heightened when opportunistic pathogens decrease as the age of the they gain entrance into the skin as is the case with dogs increase, this is especially so with streptococcal myiasis and other conditions that promote bacterial and staphylococcal infections which have been shown adherence and colonization [15].Even though the to infect puppies and older dogs as a result of their not strain of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in our study fully developed and declining immune system was not typed to determine its status, it is pertinent to respectively [11,12].The age categorization adopted note that the isolation of the Methicillin-Resistant by Greeley,et al.,[13] in accessing "the influence of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain from dogs has age on the canine immune system" (young = mean 2.4 been reported [16,17] and should serve as a concern to years; middle-aged = mean 5.8 years and old = mean both the veterinarians and pet owners.9.1 years) shows that all the dogs sampled in our study

Table - 1
. Percentage distribution of bacteria with age-group of dogs

Table - 2
Pathogenic bacteria associated with cutaneous canine myiasis due to Cordylobia anthropophaga .Distribution of bacteria among breeds of dogs and percentage isolation rate of bacteriaTable-3.Percentage Distribution of bacteria with sex of dog