doi:10.5455/vetworld.2013.180-184 Retained placenta of dairy cows associated with managemental

Aim: The incidence of retained placenta of dairy cows in relation to individual animal level and farm management factors such as farm type, farm size, housing system, floor type, feed quality, time of parturition, farming experience of farmer and delivery pattern of cows was determined. Materials and Methods: A total 1205 parturated dairy cows conducted in nine upazilas and four Metro Thana of Rajshahi district during July 2010 to June 2011for attainment of the result. Individual animal and farm management factors associated with retained placenta were recorded in a structured questionnaire through face-to-face farmer's interview and reviewing farm records. The raw data were compiled and statistical SPSS program to analyze to obtained result. Results: The overall incidence of retained placenta was 13.4%. The incidence was significantly higher in Local × Sahiwal genotype (4.6%) and late delivery (longer gestation period) (80%) than their counter groups (p<0.05). The large farm (6.0%) had higher incidence and had no significant effect than medium and individual household. Similarly animals housed in Tin shed building with poor ventilation facilities (6.6%), animal housed in unscientific concrete floor (6.8%), animals mostly grassed along with small amount of straw supplied (5.4%) and a farmer had less than one year farming experience (5.3%) had not significant statistically show higher incidence of retained placenta. Conclusion: The local genotype; mini farm; supplied better feed quality; vast farming experience of farmer and normal delivery with eutocia had less chance of retained placenta of dairy cows.


Introduction
in government dairy farm, Savar, Dhaka.Majeed [11] observed that the incidence of the RFM in the Friesian-Livestock is a crucial part in the economic and social Holstein cattle was 9.2% and this incidence indicate the fabric of Bangladesh.In the year the total livestock and RFM in cattle is a significant feature necessitating poultry of our Country is about 41.63 and 278.80 further study to find the proper solution to this problems.million [1].The urban and rural society of Bangladesh Retained placenta is one of the problematic reproductive has long been enjoying the contribution of livestock diseases in our country.A retained placenta usually and poultry for meeting the demand of nutrition, causes the cow to have an increased time from calving livelihood, customs and culture is an agricultural to the conception of the next calf.It is not uncommon dependent country.Reproductive diseases are of great for a cow with a retained placenta to delay the next concern to dairy producers worldwide.The estimation pregnancy for 2-6 months.Obviously, a two-month of loss and effects of diseases on milk production, delay will mean a late calving date in the following fertility and survival are of great importance to assess year.A six-month delay may result in an open cow next cost-benefits of diagnosis, treatments and prevention year at pregnancy checking time.So the problem efforts [2].The incidence of RP varies from 2 to 10% of retained placenta loss of production that fail to meet our foaling in mares [3] and 4.0-16.1% in cow [4].However, protein demand and ultimately affect the food security this incidence can be much higher in problem herds.
achievement.Also, it increases during summer with increased parity, The authors conducted the study for achieving the milk yield in the previous seasons and following birth following objectives; of male fetus [5] and the breed where it may reach 54% pregnant dairy cows (from heifer to 8 parities an absolutely quality of these cows were divided into 3 groups such for dairy purpose) was considered as experimental as-Poor or traditional feed supply (only grazing and materials for the present study.Extensive survey and little straw feeding), Average (cows were supplied data were collected from dairy farm of 9 upazila and 4 some concentrate and straw) and better (cows were Metro Thana of Rajshahi.The name of 9 upazila viz. supplied balanced feed i.e, concentrate, vitamin and Poba, Godagari, Tanor, Mohonpur, Bagmara, Putia, mineral mixture before calving and diet including Durgapur, Bagha and Charghat and 4 Metro Thana green grass & straw).On the basis of farming were Boalia, Rajpara, Motihar and Shamukhdum at experience of farmer grouped into none i.e. farmer Rajshahi district in Bangladesh during the period from having less than one year farming experience (n= 509), July 2010 to June 2011 to evaluate the incidence of little i.e. 1to 5 years farming experience (n=401) and retained placenta.
Vast i.e. more than five years farming experience (n= Data collection: A questionnaire was prepared including 295).Again the studied cows were grouped on the basis information were name and address of farmer, genetic of time of parturition such as-Early (Before length of composition of breed, and management related factors gestation i.e. before than 273 days) (n=41), Normal such as farm type, farm size, housing system, floor (Normal gestation length i.e 273-291 days) (n=1056) type, feed quality, time of parturition, farming experience and Late (After length of gestation i.e. after 291days of farmer and delivery pattern for achievement of the time for delivery) (n=108).Finally the experimental study.The genetic composition of cows was identified animal categories into the delivery patern of cows e.g by external characteristics and their ancestral register.
Yes: Present (n=69) means abnormal delivery (dystocia) Retained placenta (RP) measure by the definition is the and No: Absent (n=1136) means normal delivery failure to expel the fetal membranes within 12 to 24 hrs (euticia).after calving and failure of the maternal immune Statistical analysis: The data were complied and system to successfully in bovines [4] or within 3 hours statistical SPSS program [12] and Chi-Square test to after foaling in equines [3].Such phenomenon is a compare the result.common, albeit poorly effect on milk yield and subsequent reproductive efficiency [5].

Results and Discussion
Grouping of animals: Proper data collection the experi- The over all incidence of retained placenta was mental animals were grouped as follows: 13 feed (5.4%) supplied than their correspondence group.[22] showed that Sahiwal and Friesian crosses had the Sarder [23] stated that retained placenta occurred more lowest (9.43%),where as local and Friesian crosses common in cows with poor housing system.Dryendahl had the highest (60.20%) incidence of placental et al. [24] reported similar results and mentioned that retention followed by miscellan-eous group which had the risk of affection was rather greater during free than an incidence of 39.69% which was disagreement with during the stall.Pavuna and Simunic [25] stated that the present study.
there was no difference concerning the frequency of Farm size, farming experience and manage retention of placenta between the keeping animals in mental factors (like housing system, floor type and feed cows shed or free.Similarly, Grunert [15] reported that quality) had no significant (P>0.05) on retained the incidence of retained placenta was related with placenta of dairy cows.The highest incidence of nutritional imbalance.

P e r c e n ta g e o f pla c e n t a l c o n d it io nFigure- 1 .Figure- 2 .Figure- 3 .
Figure-1.Cones diagram showing the percentages of retained placenta in relation with farming experience of farmer.

The pattern of floor experimental individuals :
.4% and this incidence indicate the RFM in cows is a ): Walls of cattle sheds were built by mud and and the lowest (2.5%) in Local × Sahiwal × Holstein roofs were straw made indicated as poor (n=322), (Half there after (3.6%) Local × Holstein Friesian and (2.7%)

Table - 2
. The effects of farm size on the incidence of retained placenta of dairy cows Table-3.The effects of manage mental factors like housing system, floor type and feed quality on the incidence of retained placenta of dairy cows Effect of length of gestation on the incidence of retained placenta of dairy cows