induced toxicity

Aim: The present investigation has been conducted to evaluate the protective activity of Tephrosia purpurea extract (TPE) against arsenic induced toxicity. 
 
Materials and Methods: For this study, twenty four wistar albino rats were taken. Control group, group – I rats were given sodium arsenite @ 10 mg/kg and group – II rats were treated with TPE @ 500 mg/kg along with sodium arsenite @ 10 mg/kg (daily oral for 28 days). On 29th day animals were slaughtered and various parameters were determined. Serum biomarkers, haematological parameter analysis and histomorphological examination are carried out with estimation of arsenic concentration in tissues. 
 
Results: Oral administration of sodium arsenite @ 10 mg/kg for 28 days resulted in a significant decrease in Hb%, TEC and TLC, significant increase of serum glucose, cholesterol, calcium and significant increase in arsenic accumulation in tissues. Histopathological results of intestine revealed haemorrhagic enteritis along with loss of villi. Treatment with Tephrosia purpurea @ 500 mg/kg significantly decreased the elevated glucose, LDH levels, along with significant increase haematological levels towards normal. There was reduced haemorrhagic enteritis and presence of intact villi, as compared to arsenic treated group. But there was no significant difference in serum calcium, serum cholesterol and arsenic concentration in tissues, when compared with arsenic treated group. 
 
Conclusion: The study conclude that supplementation of TPE (500 mg/kg) daily oral for 28 days has shown protection against arsenic induced toxicity by its protective effect.


Materials and Methods
Arsenic is a toxic metalloid and is a common Experimental animals: Twenty four wistar albino rats environmental pollutant, virtually present in rocks, soil were taken and randomly divided in to three groups and water and is second most important pollutant next (n=8).They were housed in propylene cages under to lead [1].Exposure to arsenic is known to induce a standard laboratory conditions with standard food and wide range of toxic effects on brain [2], induces water ad-libitum.For this study, control group in which fibrosis of liver [3] and oxidative stress in the body.healthy rats were included and given standard diet and Arsenic mainly effects liver and kidney [4] and causes deionised water, group-I rats were given sodium damage to them.Heavy metals induce over production arsenite @ 10 mg/kg daily oral for 28 days and groupof reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequently II rats were treated with Tephrosia purpurea @ 500 enhance lipid peroxidation, decrease the saturated fatty mg/kg along with sodium arsenite @ 10 mg/kg daily oral for 28 days.acids and increase the unsaturated fatty acid contents of membranes.Herbal plants with flavonoids and Ethical approval: The protocol of the experiment was polyphenols are potent inhibitors of oxidative stress approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee [5].Tephrosia purpurea is commonly known as according to guidelines given by Committee for the "Sharphunka" in Hindi and its leaves were used as Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on constituent in liver tonics [6], have a potent nephropro-Animals (CPCSEA).tective activity [7] and antioxidant property [8].
Chemicals: Sodium arsenite (HiMedia Laboratories To best of our knowledge there was no scientific Pvt.Ltd., Mumbai, India) was used as source of arsenic report regarding the efficacy of Tephrosia purpurea in this study.Sodium arsenite powder was dissolved in against arsenic induced toxicity.We have conducted this experiment to study the effect of Tephrosia distilled water and given orally to individual animals @ purpurea extract against arsenic induced toxicity.
10 mg/kg [9].Sample collection: At end of the experiment, all animals Statistical analysis: Quantitative data were analyzed were sacrified on day 29, serum, blood and tissues using the ANOVA.Value P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 were samples were collected and following parameters were considered significant at 5% and 1%, level respectively.estimated.

Results and Discussion
Haematological parameters: Haematological parameters Exposure to arsenic for a short period of time viz., Hb% (haemoglobin %), Total erythrocyte count causes metabolic disturbances and is considered as (TEC) and Total leucocyte count (TLC) were estimated major public issue [14].Chronic exposure to arsenic according to [11].
causes increase in blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer [15].The present Biochemical estimation: Activities of glucose, LDH, study shows the effect of arsenic on the body by Serum Cholesterol and Calcium in serum were considering various parameters like haematological, analysed using Erba Semi-autoanalyzer (ERBA serum bio-marker levels and estimation of arsenic Diagnostics Mannheim GmbH, Mallaustr, 69-73, Dconcentration in the body.In this present study there 68219, Mannheim/Germany) by Erba-biochemkits.
was significant decrease in the values of Hb%, TLC Histopathology: Histopathology of Buffered formalin and TEC in Group-I as compared to control group.In fixed intestine samples were routinely processed, cut at Group -II there was significant increase in the altered 5 µm and stained with H & E stain [12].levels as compared to Group-I and given in Table -1.The decrease in Hb% in sodium arsenite exposed group Arsenic concentration: Arsenic concentration was might be due to reduced haemoglobin synthesis.About quantitatively analysed on day 29 in different tissues 85% of haeme-biosynthesis takes place in bone (heart, lungs, bone and muscle) with the help of AAS.marrow and 15% in liver.Arsenic binds with the Total arsenic was quantified by digestion, using tri-acid sulphydryl group containing enzymes which are mixture of nitric acid, perchloric acid and sulphuric required for haeme synthesis, causing inhibition of acid (10:4:1) following the method of [13].The these enzymes.digested samples were diluted with deionized The results obtained in this study are in agreement Millipore water, passed through Whatman filter paper with the results obtained by [16,17].There was No. 4 and made the volume to 10 ml.Concentrated decreased TEC in rats treated with sodium arsenite hydrochloric acid (5 ml) was added to it and shaken [18].This reduction in the total erythrocyte count may well.Then 0.3 ml of potassium iodide (5%) and be due to inhibition of erythropoiesis by arsenic.In ascorbic acid (5%) mixture was added and kept the present study there was significant decrease in TLC in aliquot for 45 min for transformation of arsenate to sodium arsenite treated group, this might be due to due arsenite.The final volume was made up to 25 ml with to its suppression of bone marrow activity and causing Millipore water and arsenic concentration read on reduced granulopoietic action which was in Varian AA240 model AAS Atomic Absorption accordance with [19].The increase in Hb% in group -Spectrometer (AAS) equipped with vapour generation II may be due to the erythrocyte membrane integrity accessories.The operating parameters were: lamp, enhancing effect on red blood cells [20].The increase arsenic hollow cathode lamp; wavelength, 193.7 nm; in the TEC might be due to selective effect of Tephrosia slit width, 0.5 nm; lamp current, 10.0 mA; vapor type, purpurea on erythroid compartment [21].There was an air/acetylene; air flow, 10.00 L/min; inert gas for increased level in serum glucose (Table-1), in group-I hydride generation, Argon.Reducing agent (Aqueous as compared to control group and significant decrease solution of 0.6% sodium borohydride was prepared in in group-II as compared to group-I.similar results were 0.5% w/v sodium hydroxide) and 40% HCl were reported by [22][23][24][25].Arsenic causes pancreatic â-cell prepared freshly before use.Working standard apoptosis [26] and suppress insulin secretion causing solutions were prepared by dilution of stock (1000 increased glucose in blood.This might be the cause of ìg/ml) and intermediate (10 ìg/ml) standards.The increased glucose in the body.According to [27], working standards were as follows: 5, 10, 20 and 40 exposure to high levels of arsenic causes diabetes and ìg/L and prepared it by same procedure as test sample.
increased levels of glucose in blood.There was also Treatment Tephrosia purpurea @ 500 mg/kg showed control group and significant decrease in LDH in group mild protective effect against arsenic toxicity.

doi: 10 .
5455/vetworld.2013.493-496 -II as compared to group-I.Similarly increased serum Conclusion calcium in arsenic exposed rats was also reported by It is proved that supplementation of Tephrosia [22].Increased levels of LDH were also reported by purpurea extract (500 mg/kg PO) daily for 28 days has [28,29].The increase in LDH levels might be due to the given protection against arsenic induced toxicity, damage to liver, heart and kidney due to arsenic.The which was confirmed by the results shown in this study.decrease in serum glucose in group-II might be due to the hypoglycaemic activity of Tephrosia purpurea and intact villi in intestine of group-II rats (Figure-2).Arsenic induced haematobiochemical and histopathological This might be due to antiiflammatory and protective alterations and its level in certain biological samples.effect of Tephrosia purpurea.Study proves that Toxicol.Int., 25(1): 57-62.exposure to arsenic for 28 days causes toxicity in the 5. Flora, S. J., Chouhan, S., Kannan, G. M. and Swarnkar, H. body.It was confirmed by the results shown in this (2008) Combined administration of taurine and mono isoamyl DMSA protects arsenic induced oxidative injury in study.The reduced haematological parameters indicate

Figure- 1 .Figure- 2 .
Figure-1.Photograph showing haemorrhagic changes, necrosis and loss of villi in intestine of rats of group-I (H&E X 400) Figure-2.Photograph showing intact villi and reduced haemorrghage in intestine of rats of group-II (H&E X 400)

Table - 1
. Effect of arsenic alone and with TPE on haematological and serum bio-markers parameters (Mean ± SEM) (n=8).:10.5455/vetworld.2013.493-496significant increase in serum calcium, LDH and that arsenic has detrimental effects on bone marrow.cholesterol levels (Table-1) in group-I as compared to doi
**P < 0.01; statistically significant when compared to control group.NS; statistically non-significant when compared to group -I.