doi:10.5455/vetworld.2013.486-492 Effect of administration of ultra-corn with bivalent Foot and Mouth disease oil vaccine in calves

Aim: The present work was established in order to investigate the effect of ultra-corn administration on the immune response of vaccinated calves with FMD bivalent oil vaccine. 
 
Material and Methods: Forty calves; at a private farm in EL-Fayoum Governorate (Locality A); were divided into 4 groups 
where the first group was vaccinated with the locally produced FMD bivalent oil vaccine alone while the 2nd, 3rd and 4th group were vaccinated with the same vaccine simultaneously with the inoculation of 1, 1.5 and 2mL/100kg body weight of ultra-corn respectively to estimate the antibody titer, the suitable dose and effect of ultra-corn as immunostimulant using SNT and ELISA. Also after that used the effective and lowest dose of ultra-corn simultaneously with the vaccine in comparison with the vaccine alone by using 26 calves (Locality B) to study the efficacy of ultra-corn simultaneously with vaccine and the vaccine alone via challenge test using the virulent FMDV serotype A,O. 
 
Results: Tested serum samples obtained on week intervals post vaccination of all calve groups were subjected for estimation of induced FMD antibodies type A and O using serum neutralization test (SNT) and enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Both tests indicate that 1.5mL, 2mL of ultra-corn enhanced the immune response of vaccinated calves exhibiting higher and longer immunity than those received the vaccine alone. In addition 26 calves housed under restrict hygienic measures at Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, were divided into 4 groups where group-1 of 10 calves were vaccinated with the bivalent FMD vaccine alone and group-2 was vaccinated with the same vaccine simultaneously with 1.5mL of ultra-corn while group 3 and 4 were kept as control for the challenge test. On the 4th week post vaccination group 1, 2 of these animals was subdivided into 2 subgroups where the challenge test was carried out against type A in a subgroup and O in other subgroup. SNT and ELISA showed similar results obtained from the vaccinated farm animals and challenge test via inoculation of virulent virus of FMD serotype A, O indicated that animals received ultra-corn showed 100% protection against both types of FMD virus while those did not receive ultra-corn showed 80% protection (vaccine alone). 
 
Conclusion: So it could be concluded that ultra-corn has a potentiate effect on the immunogenicity of bivalent oil FMD 
vaccine providing high immune levels of long duration.


Introduction
diseases is the corner stone to eradicate or even to control such diseases.Many trials were carried out in Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is considered one order to improve the potency of FMD inactivated of the most serious viral infections in livestock, vaccine using different adjuvant aiming to potentiate because of its rapid transmission over a range of animal its immunogenicity and to increase the duration of species.As FMD is still endemic in large regions of the induced immunity in vaccinated animals [5].world, it is a highly infectious disease of ungulates Montanide ISA206 oil adjuvant quadric-valent primarily cattle, sheep, goats and pigs.It also affects FMD vaccine elicited a better immune response at any wild animals such as buffaloes and deer [1].Foot-andtime than aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine, and this mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiologic agent of response was developed quicker.The animals the diseases that can affect cloven-hoofed livestock.
maintained their neutralizing antibody titers at >3 log 10 Infection with FMDV characterized by fever, lameness for the duration of the trial (90 days) [6].The mean and vesicular lesions on the feet, tongue, snout and protective serum antibody titers against FMD in calves teats, with high morbidity but low mortality [2].There vaccinated with double oil emulsion (Montanide ISA are seven types of FMD virus (FMDV) have been 206) evaluated by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent identified as; O, A, C, SAT , SAT , SAT and Asia1 [3]

The immune response of vaccinated goats with
Cell culture: Baby Hamster kidney cell line (BHK21) alhydargel and double oil emulsion Montanide ISA Clone 13 maintained in FMD Department, Abbasia, Cairo using Eagl's medium with 8-10% sterile bovine 206 vaccines persisted for 20 and 36 weeks post serum as described by [13], was used for application of challenge, respectively [8].Also [9,10]  (destroyed and lysed by using ultrasonic device) the 36 weeks post vaccination to avoid the decline of as 20mg/mL of the product.the protective immune levels to the non-protective -Ultra-corn is used for prevention of diarrhoea and values [12].
pneumonia infections of newborn animals when The study was aim to determine the effect of ultraadministered to the dams at the late pregnancy, corn as an immune modulator to the locally produced prevention of placental infections in case of bivalent FMD oil vaccine on the immune status of retained placenta when administered during late vaccinated calves.
pregnancy and used as preventive measures or It was performed group 1 and 2 includes 10 calves then divided equally using the micro titer technique as described by [15] to to be challenged with FMDV serotype A,O, while each evaluate the levels of induced FMD antibodies in of group 3 and 4 contains 3 calves.Group (1) was experimentally vaccinated calves.vaccinated with FMD bivalent vaccine only and group Indirect enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (i- (2) was inoculated with 1.5mL of ultra-corn/100 Kg ELISA): Indirect ELISA was carried out according to body weight animal simultaneously with FMD vaccine [16] to follow up the immune response in animals.while group 3 and 4 were kept without vaccination as positive control challenged with FMDV serotype A,O.

Results and Discussion
Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most Ethical approval: The experiment was as per the protocol wide spread diseases affecting cloven footed animals of Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, the authors of detrimental effects on meat and milk production, had taken permission of animal owners of private farm.
rather than convalescent animals became carriers and Viruses: Locally isolated FMDV type O /Aga/EGY/93 1 source of infection [17].In countries where the disease 9 with titter of 10 TCID /mL and type A/EGY/ showed that vaccinated calves with bivalent FMD oil protective by the 2 WPV till 40 WPV where they th vaccine alone and smiltaniously inject with either 1, became unprotected by the 44 WPV.Similarly, mean 1.5 or 2 mL of ultra-corn exhibited specific neutralizing neutralizing antibody titers against type (O) in the same nd antibody against type A and type O started from the 2 calves showed the same behavior indicating that type O WPV.On the use of FMD bivalent vaccine alone; it was antibodies were higher than those of type A and lasts for noticed that the specific FMD neutralizing antibody 44 WPV.In calves vaccinated with bivalent oil FMD th titers reached a protective level starting from the 4 vaccine simultaneously with 2 mL ultra-corn, FMD  [7,9,10,20,21]  calves for both types.The significant increase in the and ELISA respectively while the mean antibody titers immune response in calves vaccinated with bivalent against type (O) in 5 calves vaccinated with bivalent oil FMD oil vaccine simultaneously with ultra-corn could st FMD vaccine alone started by the 1 WPV (1.55 & be attributed to the mode of action of ultra-corn as th 1.486 log ) till become protective at 4 WPV (2.41 & immune stimulant as explained by [22] who mentioned 10 2.22 log ) by SNT and ELISA respectively.The that killed Corynebacterium cutis stimulates the 10 activity of both T and B lymphocytes which lead to antibody titers of control unvaccinated calves remain increase the antibody synthesis, and [23] who found unprotected till 4 weeks before starting challenge test.that corynaebactreium is one of the strongest inducers The clinical signs described in challenged vaccinated of lymphocytes trapping, [24] reported that the calves after 4 WPV (Table -5) included either the ) and Serum Nutralization Test (SNT) and [4].rd was started at the 3 week post vaccination (WPV) It was stated that vaccination against infectious th reached the highest level at the 10 WPV and continued with the protective level till the 32 WPV then started to decline under the protective level for both FMD virus types O and A [7].
they reported that the mean antibody against type (A) in 5 calves vaccinated st mean antibody titers against FMD vaccine strain with bivalent oil FMD vaccine alone started by the 1 th O /3/93 were detected in sheep sera vaccinated with WPV (0.75&0.98 log ) to become protective at the 4 1 10 Alum-hydroxide gel vaccine following one week post WPV (1.53&1.81log ) by SNT and ELISA respectively 10 vaccination (0.9 log ) by SNT, whereas, the mean peak 10 while those against type (O) in other 5 calves th st titers (1.9 log ) by SNT were detected by the 16 week vaccinated with bivalent oil FMD vaccine alone by 1 10 post vaccination.And also agree with [11] who WPV were (0.96&1.196 log ) to become protective at 10 th mentioned that the immune response estimated by the 4 WPV (1.63&2.01log ) by SNT and ELISA 10 using SNT and ELISA revealed that the antibody titers respectively, in comparison with the means antibody induced by FMD vaccines with ultra-corn in calves against type (A) in 5 calves vaccinated with bivalent oil appeared earlier and higher at the first six weeks post FMD vaccine simultaneously with 1.5 mL ultra-corn st vaccination than those induced by FMD gel vaccine started by the 1 WPV (1.24&1.44 log ) till become 10 alone and persisted for 16 weeks post vaccination in th protective at the 4 WPV (1.88&2.074log ) by SNT 10 found that such serum neutralization test.vaccine induced long lasting immunity than that with Alhydragel adjuvant.

Table - 1
. Mean FMD serum neutralizing antibody titers in calves vaccinated with bivalent FMD with ultra-corn simultaneous (locality A)

WPV calves receiving the Mean FMD serum neutralizing antibody titers (log /mL) in calves group vaccinated with 10 vaccine alone bivalent FMD vaccine simultaneously with
WPV: Weeks post vaccination, *A: FMDV serotype A, **O: FMDV serotype O, *** Antibody titers expressed in log .The recommended protective levels of FMD antibody titers are 1.5 log for SNT for both of type A and O as estimated by SNT [4] 10 10 Table-2.Mean FMD ELISA antibody titer of calves vaccinated with bivalent FMD with ultra-corn simultaneous (locality A) *A: FMDV serotype A, **O: FMDV serotype O, *** Antibody titers expressed in log 10The recommended protective levels of FMD antibody titers are 1.9 log for ELISA for both of type A and O as estimated byELISA [4]

Table - 5
. Determine FMD lesions and protection percentage in calves vaccinated with bivalent FMD and 1.5 mL/ 100Kg body weight ultra-corn simultaneously after challenge against both types of FMD virus