animals during rainy season 1

Aim: To find out the influence of different types of roofing materials on micro-climate in animal loose housing system during rainy season. Materials and Methods: Different shade materials were used for covered area under each of three treatments. Thatch shading roof (T ), Agro-net shading roof (T ), Asbestos with canvas shading roof (T ). Long axis of the paddock was east-to-west 1 2 3 orientation. The covered area floor space was 1.5 ×1 m (excluding manger) for each animal and open paddock was 2 × 1 m. Height of shed at eaves was 2 meter. Daily temperature (maximum and minimum) and dry bulb and wet bulb temperature of macro and micro- environment under different treatments were recorded at 9:30 AM and 2:00 PM of Indian Standard Time (IST) by using maximum and minimum thermometer and dry and wet bulb thermometer. Both inside and outside surface temperatures of shade materials were measured by infrared digital thermometer (ebro, TFI 220). The statistical procedures followed were two way ANOVA and Paired 'T' test. Results: During the experimental period, maximum temperature was recorded under asbestos and lowest temperature was in agro-net and maximum protection from high temperature was given during peak hot hours in agro-net than asbestos. THI was more (P<0.05) under asbestos than agro-net and thatch.The outside surface temperature at 9.30 AM and 2:00 PM (IST) was significantly lower (P<0.05) in agro-net than thatch and asbestos. Conclusion: Thatch and agro-net were better in warding off the hot and humid environmental condition in comparison to asbestos.


Introduction
shade to the animals and these ranges from solid materials like iron and asbestos sheets to shade cloths, Basic concept of housing is that it should which reduce solar radiation on the sheltered animal by normally buffer the extremes of climatic condition to different proportions [6] and protect the animals from lower peak stress on animal and provide protection rain or inclement weather.The quality of shade from predators.It should also create a micromaterial to a great extent decide the micro-climate of environment inside the animal house, which protects animal houses and should ideally be light, strong, the animal from stressful environment and allow durable, weatherproof, good looking, bad conductor of efficiency of labor utilization.Global warming and heat and free from tendency to condense moisture climate change may be a threat to livestock production inside.Macro and micro-climate has profound effect in many regions of the world [1].In India the extreme on physiological response and growth of calf based on temperature often leads to lots of problem in animal the degree of comfort [7].Covering the roof with a rearing.One of the most important purpose of livestock thatching materials proved beneficial and resulted shed is to reduce the heat load on animals sheltered significantly (P<0.01)higher body weight gains over under it.Proper shade reduces the severity of the heat to tin roofing [8] in Osmanabadi kids.Greenhouse stress compared to open sky [2].The radiation that barns provide a healthy environment for calves, heifers causes the heat load is often a sum or individual effect and cows [9].There is beneficial effect of shade cloth of direct radiation from the sun, the sky and the ground on animal performance by minimizing the heat stress and a shade reduces the amount of radiation from each [10].Rainy season in northern India is often coupled source [3].The amount of reduction in radiant heat load with high environmental temperature and high relative and micro environment inside the shed depends on the humidity, leading to uncomfortable Temperature humidity design and the material used for the shade [4,5].index (THI).Different types of materials are used to provide Taking into consideration the above mentioned situations, the present study was carried out to find out the influence of different types of roofing materials on micro-climate in animal loose housing system in rainy season.

Materials and Methods
Statistical analysis: The statistical procedures followed were two way ANOVA and paired 'T' test.Ethical approval: The experiment followed the guidelines of Institutional Animal Ethics Committee.

Results and Discussion
The present study (part of a larger study) was The macro, maximum and minimum ambient conducted at the Cattle and Buffalo Farm, Indian temperature and THI during the experimental period Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar.Six crossbred have been presented in Table -1.The minimum and calves (3days to 3 months of age) were housed under maximum temperatures were 27.17±.0.25 and 36.34 ± each treatment.Different shade materials were used for 0.40 whereas the maximum THI was calculated to be covered area under each treatment in following 82.82±0.25 and 85.96 ±0.41 at 9:30 AM and 2:00 PM, manner.T : Thatch shading roof: Layer of paddy straw 1 respectively, which clearly indicated that the ambient of 4 inch thickness was fixed to bamboo frame, T 2: environmental temperature were stressful during the Agro-net shading roof (green and black colored woven experimental period.threads which provided 60 % light diffusion), T -3 Minimum and maximum temperature recorded Asbestos with canvas shaded roof: commercially under shed of different shade material has been available asbestos was used and canvas laid over outer presented in table 1.Among all the shades, minimum surface with 2-3 inch gap between them to reduce the temperature (P<0.05) was recorded in agro-net thermal conductivity of asbestos.Long axis of the followed by asbestos and thatch.The findings are in paddock had East-West orientation with brick on edge line with [13] who reported lowest minimum temperature in asbestos than thatch and literoof.Higher floor.The covered area floor space was 1.5×1 m minimum temperature in August in loose housing (excluding manger) for each animal and open paddock system was reported by [14].was 2×1 m.Height of shed at eaves was 2 meters.The In the present study maximum temperature thermal conductivity of thatch and asbestos were 0.05 (P<0.05) was recorded in asbestos shed followed by and 0.40 Kcal/mtr,°C [11].The study was undertaken agro-net and thatch.The difference between maximum both in summer and rainy seasons.But as in northern reported by [15].The higher maximum temperature and provided.Data from 16 June to 15 September, under asbestos could be attributed to ineffective loss of 2012 has analyzed and provided here.
absorbed heat.The micro-environments at different Daily temperature (maximum and minimum) and heights under different roof material were studied and dry bulb and wet bulb temperature of macro and micro- [13] concluded that during peak hot hours maximum environment under different treatments were recorded protection was provided in thatch/improved thatch at 9:30 AM and 2:00 PM of Indian Standard Time (IST) than asbestos.Shade protect from external environby using maximum and minimum thermometer and dry mental temperature by creating a suitable or better and wet bulb thermometer.The instruments were micro-environment within the animal house or shed.hanged at equal heights by thread in covered area under Thai Brahman heifers under artificial shed or tree each treatment roof and at equal height in the open area shade were better protected that those without shade for macro-environmental records.THI at aforesaid [16].He also reported that artificial shed blocked time was calculated as per [12] using the following sunlight better than trees.formula.
Lowest dry bulb temperature in shelter having THI = 0.72 (wet bulb temperature + dry bulb temperature) RCC roof as compared to asbestos roof shelters and +40.6 conventional tree shelters was reported by [17].Tile Both inside and outside surface temperature of roof had lower maximum temperature as reported by [7].shade materials were measured by infrared digital THI of both micro (under different shades) and thermometer, keeping it 2-3 inch away from the desired macro-climate has been presented in Table-2.At 9.30 surface.
AM and 2:00 PM (IST) the THI was found to be significantly (P<0.05)lower for agro-net as compared prove to be effective in warding off the hot and humid to asbestos and thatch.Wooden shade structure did not environmental condition than asbestos.The findings of influence the THI in winter [18].Mean THI values the present study show scope for further research on the were significantly (P<0.01)different between sheds influence of the used roofing materials on behavior, (thatch, literoof/ asphalt cardboard corrugated sheets stress level, reproduction and production of animals.and asbestos) and between months [13].The values Further investigation regarding the economics and were significantly higher (>75) in literoof shed (April durability of the mentioned materials can be carried out.to September) in comparison to those in thatch and area did not differed significantly.

doi: 10 .
5455/vetworld.2013.482-485 °and minimum temperature was highest (12.7+7.0C) in part of India the temperature and humidity at the rainy ° the asbestos-roofed houses (Min.and Max.26.3 C and season remains high resulting in high THI which is the ° °39 C ) and the lowest (2.7+2.0C) in the coconut frond main concern of the paper and research, so only the ° ° data pertaining to the rainy season has been analyzed thatched houses (Min.and Max.30.6 C and 33.3 C ) th th

Table - 1
. Minimum and maximum temperature of micro-climate (under different shade materials) and macro-climate during rainy season

Table - 2
. THI values of micro-climate (under different shade materials) and macro-climate during rainy season Mean bearing different superscript differ significantly (P<0.05)row wise