|
|
Open Access
Copyright: The authors. This article is an open access
article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) which permits unrestricted use,
distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly
cited.
Research
(Published
online: 18-12-2013)
9. Prevalence of tuberculosis among southern Zambian
cattle and isolation of Mycobacterium bovis in raw milk obtained from tuberculin
positive cows - Girja S. Pandey, Bernard M. Hang'ombe, Festus
Mushabati and Andrew Kataba
Veterinary World, 6(12): 986-991
doi:
10.14202/vetworld.2013.986-991
Abstract
Aim: To determine the
prevalence of tuberculosis among traditional milking cows in
southern Zambia and isolation of Mycobacterium spp from the
tuberculin positive cow's milk.
Materials and Methods: A total of 1,025 cows originating
from traditional cattle sector, in Mapepe, Magoye, Monze, Batoka,
GART- Batoka, Kalomo areas of Zambia, supplying major quantity of
milk to milk processors, were tested for bovine tuberculosis using
single comparative intra-dermal tuberculin test during 2011 and
2012. Milk samples obtained from 16 bovine tuberculin reactor cows
were cultured for isolation of Mycobacterium spp and those showing
growth of Mycobacterium spp. were identified through biochemical
tests of the culture. Further confirmation and species
differentiation of the Mycobacterium spp. isolates was done using
the loop-mediated isothermal amplification system and
multiplex-polymerase chain reaction
Results: 27 (2.6%) of the cows tested were found tuberculin
reactors, 9 cows (0.87%) gave inconclusive reaction and 989
(96.48%) were non-reactors. Three milk samples (18.7%) out of the
16 tuberculin reactor cow's milk when cultured and upon molecular
analysis, were found positive for presence of M. bovis indicating
these positive cows were shedding M. bovis in their milk.
Conclusion: The isolation of M. bovis in freshly drawn milk
from the tuberculin positive reactor cows is being reported for
the first time in Zambia. Bovine tuberculosis is an animal and
human health risk in the traditional dairy herds supplying milk to
the Zambian population especially in the informal market and needs
attention of the public health and veterinary authorities.
Keywords: cattle, isolation, Mycobacterium bovis,
tuberculin reactors, raw milk, Zambia
References
|
1. Pandey, G. S. (1998) Studies on Infectious Diseases of
Kafue lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis) with particular reference
to tuberculosis in Zambia. PhD Thesis, Azabu University,
Japan. |
|
|
2. Munyeme, M., Muma, J. B., Samui, K. L., Skjerve, E.,
Nambota, A. M., Phiri, I. J. K., Rigouts, L. and Tryland, M.
(2009) Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and animal level risk
factors for indigenous cattle under different grazing
strategies in the livestock/wildlife interface areas of
Zambia. Tropical Animal Health and Production 41:345-352.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-008-9195-5
PMid:18536998 |
|
|
|
3. Sharma, R. N., Francis, B. K. T., Pandey, G. S. and
Chizyuka, H. G. B. (1985) Goat Tuberculosis in Zambia. Indian
J. Vet. Pathology 9:29-32. |
|
|
|
4. WHO (2006) The control of neglected zoonotic diseases a
route to poverty alleviation. Report of a joint WHO/DFID- AHP
Meeting with participation of FAO and OIE, Geneva,
Switzerland. |
|
|
|
5. Ameni, G. and Erkihum, A.(2007) Bovine tuberculosis on
small scale dairy farms in Adama Town, Central Ethiopia and
farmers awareness of the disease. Revue Scientifique Technique
Office International des Epizooties 26: 711-719. |
|
|
|
6. Dankner, W. M., Waecker, N. J., Essey, E. M., Moser, K.,
Thompson, M. and Davies, C. E. (1993) Mycobacterium bovis
infection in San Diego: a clinic - epidemiological study of 73
patients and historical review of a forgotten pathogen.
Medicine (Baltimore) 72: 11-37. |
|
|
7. Boland, F., Kelly, G. E., Good, M. and More, S. J. (2010)
Bovine tuberculosis and milk production in infected dairy
herds in Ireland. Prev. Vet. Med. 93:153-161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.021
PMid:19896227 |
|
|
8. Cosivi, O., Grange, J. M., Daborn, C. J., Raviglione, M.
C., Fujikura, T., Cousins, D., Robinson, R. A., Huchzermeyer,
H. F., deKantor, I. and Meslin, F. X. (1998) Zoonotic
tuberculosis due to M. bovis in developing countries. Emerging
Infectious Diseases 4, 59-70.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980108
PMid:9452399 |
|
|
9. Ayele, W. Y., Neill, S. D., Zinsstag, J., Weiss, M.G. and
Pavlik, I. (2004) Bovine tuberculosis an old disease but new
threat to Africa. Review article. Int. Journal of Tuberculosis
and Lung Diseases 8: 924-927.
PMid:15305473 |
|
|
10. Mwachalimba, K. K., Mumba, C. and Munyeme, M.(2013) Cost
benefit analysis of tuberculosis control in wildlife-
livestock interface areas of Southern Zambia. Prev. Vet.
Medicine 110 (2):274-279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.10.020
PMid:23206544 |
|
|
|
11. Kazwala, R. R., Daborn, C. J., Sharp, J. M., Kambarage, D.
M., Jiwa, S. F. H. and Mbembali, N. A. (2001) Isolation of
Mycobacterium bovis from human cases of cervical adenitis in
Tanzania. A case of concern? Int. J. Tuberculosis and Lung
Diseases. 9 (1): 87-97. |
|
|
12. Cook, A.J.C., Tuchili, L. M., Buve, A. Foster, S. D.,
Godfrey- Fausset, P., Pandey, G. S., McAdam, K. P. (1996)
Human and bovine tuberculosis in the Monze district of Zambia-
A cross-sectional study. British Veterinary Journal152, 37-46.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1935(96)80084-4 |
|
|
|
13. ACF (2012) Performance and Competitiveness of the dairy
value chain in Zambia. 1 (2): 1-4. |
|
|
14. Malama, S. Muma, J. B. and Godfroid, J. (2013) A Review of
Tuberculosis at the wildlife-livestock-human interface in
Zambia. Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 2, 13-18.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2049-9957-2-13
PMid:23849550 PMCid:PMC3734204 |
|
|
|
15. Sitima, A. M. C., Pandey, G. S., Fujikura, T. (1997)
Viability of M. bovis in traditionally sour milk and
prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Namwala district of
Zambia. International Science Symposium, 9-11th April, Lusaka,
Zambia. |
|
|
|
16. Muma, J. B., Syakalima, M., Munyeme, M., Zulu, V. C.,
Simuunza, M., Kurata, M. (2013) Bovine Tuberculosis and
Brucellosis in Traditionally Managed Livestock in Selected
Districts of Southern Province of Zambia. Veterinary Medicine
International, Article ID 730367, 7 pages http:/ /dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/730367. |
|
|
|
17. OIE (2010) Manual of the diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for
Terrestrial Animals Vol 1. Office Int. Des. Epizootics, Paris,
France. |
|
|
|
18. Ofukwu, R. A., Oboegbulem, S. I., and Akwuobu, C. A.
(2008) Zoonotic Mycobacterium species in fresh cow milk and
fresh skimmed, unpasteurized market milk (nono) in Makurdi,
Nigeria. Implications for public health. Journal of Animal and
Plant Sciences 1 (1), 21-25. |
|
|
|
19. Kent, T. P. and Kubica, G. P. (1985) Public Health
Mycobacteriology. A guide for level III laboratory. United
States Human Health Services, Centre for Disease Control,
Atlanta, Georgia 30, 333-350. |
|
|
|
20. Hang'ombe B., Nakajima C., Ishii A., Fukushima Y., Munyeme
M., Matandiko W., Mweene A. S., Suzuki Y. (2011) Rapid
detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in cattle and
lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis) at the slaughter house.
Veterinary Science Development. 1:e5.24- 26. |
|
|
21. Suzuki Y., Katsukawa C., Inoue K., Yin Y., Tasaka H., Ueba
N., Makino M. (1995) Mutations in rpoB gene of rifampicin
resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in
Japan. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 69:413-419.
PMid:7751750 |
|
|
22. Bedard, B. G., Martin, S. W. Chinombo, D. (1993) A
prevalence study of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis in
Malawi. Preventive Veterinary Medicine16 :(3), 193-205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(93)90066-3 |
|
|
23. Shirima, G. M., Kazwala, R. R. and Kambarage, D. M. (2003)
Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in different
farming systems in the eastern zone of Tanzania. Preventive
Veterinary Medicine57 (3): 167-172.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(02)00214-3 |
|
|
24. Oloya, J., Opuda- Asibo, J. and Djonne, B. (2006)
Responses to tuberculin among Zebu cattle in the transhumance
regions of Karamoja and Nakasongola district of Uganda.
Tropical Animal Health and Production 41 (4): 275- 283.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-006-4322-7 |
|
|
|
25. Fentahun, T. and Luke, G. (2012) Diagnostic Techniques of
Bovine Tuberculosis. A Review. African Journal of Basic and
Applied Sciences 4 (6): 192-199. |
|
|
26. Nakajima C., Rahim Z., Fukushima Y., Sugawara I., van der
Zanden A. G., Tamaru A. and Suzuki Y. (2010) Identification of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in Bangladesh by
a species distinguishable multiplex PCR. BMC Infect Dis.10:118
– 122.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-118
PMid:20470432 PMCid:PMC2877677 |
|
|
27. Simeon, I. B.C., Mohamad, K.Y., Abdullahi, A. M.,
Akinbowale, O. J. and Dick van Soolingen (2010) M. bovis and
M. africanum present in raw milk of pastoral cattle in North
Central Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health and Production 42 (6):
1047-48.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9533-2
PMid:20204509 |
|
|
28. Aydin, F. E., Ulger, M., Emekdas, G., Asian, G. and Gunal,
S. (2012) Isolation and identification of M. bovis and non-
tuberclous mycobacterium in raw milk samples in Mersin
province of Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bull 46 (2), 283-289.
PMid:22639317 |
|
|
29. Srivastava, K., Chauhan, D. S., Gupta, P., Singh, H. B.,
Sharma, B. D., Yadav, V. S., Thakral, S. S., Dharamdheeran, J.
S., Prasad, H. K. and Katoch, V. M.(2008) Isolation of M.
bovis and M. tuberculosis from cattle of some farms in North
India- Possible relevance in human health. Indian Journal of
Medical Research 128 (1), 26-31.
PMid:18820355 |
|
|
30. Kazwala, R. R., Daborn, C. J. and Kushiluka, C. J. M.
(1998) Isolation of Mycobacterium spp from raw milk of
pastoral cattle of Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Trop. Anim.
Hlth. Prod. 30, 233-239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005075112393
PMid:9760715 |
|
|
|
31. Kahla, I. B., Boschirdi, M. L., Souissi, N. C., Cherif,
N., Benzarti, M., Boukadida, J. and Hammami, S. (2011)
Isolation and molecular characterization of M. bovis from raw
milk in Tunisia. Afr. Health Science, August 11 (S1): S2-S5
PMCID:PMC 3220130. |
|
|
|
32. Al- Saqur, I. M., Al-Thwani, and Al-Attar I. M. (2009)
Detection of Mycobacteria spp in cows milk using conventional
methods and PCR. Iraqi Journal of Vet. Sciences23: 259- 262. |
|
|
33. Pardo, R. B., Langoni, H., Mendonca, L. J. P. and Chi, K.
D. (2001) Isolation of Mycobacterium spp from cows suspected
or positive to tuberculosis. Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci.http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-95962001000600007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-95962001000600007 |
|
|
34. Franco, M. M. J., Paes, A. C., Ribeiro, M. G., Pantoja,J.
C.F., Santos,A. C. B., Miyata, M., Leite, C. Q. F., Motta, R.
G. and Listoni,F. J. P. (2013) Occurrence of Mycobacteria in
bovine milk samples from both individual and collective bulk
tanks at farms and informal markets in the southeast region of
Sao Paulo, Brazil. BMC Vet Res. 9: 85.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-85
PMid:23618368 PMCid:PMC3650655 |
|
|
|
35. WHO (2009) Global Tuberculosis Control: Epidemiology,
Strategy, Financing, WHO Report 2009, WHO/HTM /TB2009. 411:
1-309. |
|
|
36. Munyeme, M., Muma, J. B., Siamudaala, V. M., Skjerve, E.,
Munangandu, H.M. and Tryland, M. (2010) Tuberculosis in Kafue
lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis) of the Kafue Basin in Zambia.
Preventive Veterinary Medicine 95: 305-308.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.03.014
PMid:20417978 |
|
|
