doi:10.5455/vetworld.2013.95-99 Effects of ketamine-xylazine and propofol-halothane anesthetic protocols on blood gases and some anesthetic parameters in dogs

How to cite this article: Alkattan LM and Helal MM (2013) Effects of ketamine-xylazine and propofol-halothane anesthetic protocols on blood gases and some anesthetic parameters in dogs, Vet. World 6(2): 95-99. Abstract Aim: The anesthetic effects and side effects of ketamine–xylazine and propofol–halothane at four different anesthetics protocol were examined in twenty healthy dogs. Methods: Four treatments were conducted using five dogs in each. The first group was treated with ketamine at 15 mg/kg intramuscularly and xylazine at 5 mg/kg. The second group was treated with ketamine–xylazine same as first group, but the dogs were underwent pneumoperitoneum with CO. The third group was anesthetized with propofol at 2 mg/kg intravenously 2 with inhalational halothane as maintenance anesthesia. The fourth group was treated as same as the third group but underwent pneumoperitoneum with CO. The behavioral changes, onset of action, induction time, the duration of surgical anesthesia, 2 reflexes, and recovery period, blood gas changes (pH, paO and paCO) were recorded pre treatment and 10 and 30 minutes 2 2 period after treatment. Results: The results showed differences in the quality of anesthesia among the four groups. The onset of anesthesia was the shortest in the third group (0.88±0.13 min). There were no significant changes in pH and paCO determined in all the groups. 2 No adverse reactions or complications were encountered during the anesthesia. The paO2 significantly increased 10 and 30 min after anesthesia in all group in comparison with respective pretreatment value. Conclusion: The anesthetic protocol of propofol as induction agent with halothane as maintenance anesthesia induced a good quality anesthesia with a short duration of action and rapid smooth recovery without complications during CO insufflations in 2 dogs.


Introduction
. It produces satisfactory sedation with good hemodynamic stability and fast, unexcited recovery [8].

Laparoscopy is minimally an invasive technique
Comparing propofol hemodynamic stability with for viewing the internal structures of the abdominal inhalant anesthetic agents, as sevoflurane propofol has cavity.The procedure involved distention of the less haemodynamic stability so the amount of abdominal cavity with gas then using a rigid telescope ephedrine needed to maintain haemodynamic stability placed through portal position into abdominal wall [1].
was lower during sevoflurane anaesthesia than This procedure has an advantage.It includes relativity propofol [9].Propofol causes decreases in brain non invasive nature but it needs a technical skill [2].
functional integration simultan-eously induce loss of Before performing any operation, pneumoperitonum is consciousness [10].It can be mixed with thiopentone an essential step and it is obtained by insufflating the with minimum signs of apnea,smooth induction and abdomen with carbon dioxide [3].Blood-gas and acidrecovery [11].base balances give an idea about the biochemical status Ketamine is used as intramuscular general anesthetic.during pneumoperitoneum.On the other hand, It appears to provide good somatic analgesia but poor pneumoperitoneum may also cause undesired effects visceral analgesia.Ketamine increases muscle tone such as transient or permanent arterial thrombosis, and may cause rigidity, if administered alone, so it is bleeding, hematoma, and infection [4,5].Anesthesia is usually combined with drugs with good muscle defined as a state of unconsciousness produced by a relaxant properties as alfa2 adrenoceptor agonists [12].process of controlled reversible drug-induced intoxication Anesthesia during the laparoscopic procedure is more of the central nervous system [6] patients with diminished opportunities for compen-Anesthesia induced by propofol at 2 mg/kg sation [13].
intravenously.The trachea was intubated to maintain The present study was conducted to examine the source of O and inhalation with halothane 1-1.5% was 2 effects of four different anesthetic protocols and the used to maintain anesthesia.A Fluotec halothane influence of pneumoperitoneum on the outcome of the vaporizer and closed rebreathing circuit were used.anesthesia in twenty healthy dogs.

Materials and Methods
linked with the administration of propofol were also observed.Both sexes of mixed breed of adult dog were used in the current study.The mean ±SE of their weight and
Treatment was given same as the third group

Ethical approval:
except the operative animals underwent pneumo-All treated animals were received humane care peritoneuim with CO at pressure 12 mmHg and flow -anesthesia and lateral recumbency within 1-3 min, but Five animals were premedicated with xylazine at there are wide differences in the quality of anesthesia the dose 5 mg/kg intravenously, then 5 min later with between the four groups as manifested by a significant Ketamine given intramuscularly at 15 mg/kg.Blood differences in onset of action, induction, diminish of samples were collected into heparanized test tubes in pedal reflexes duration of action and recovery time secure aseptic condition at 10 and 30 min post injection between first and second group (Table-1).There was and at recovery for blood gas analysis.
adequate muscle relaxation, and analgesia for the

Second group (G2):
surgical procedures to be performed.The time for intubation was 2.5-3.5 min fast, easy and convenient Five animals were subjected to the same treatwhich was in the third and fourth groups.In spite of the ment as the first group, peumoperitoneum with CO 2 rapid and smooth recovery after propofol anesthesia The different letters BA and BC means significant differences between groups at P<0.05.intravenous but is used for maintenance [22].We used increased 10 and 30 min after anesthesia in all the it with halothane to obtain balanced anesthesia.In spite groups in comparison with respective pretreatment of these advantages, there are few signs after using value (Table -4).
propofol such as: pain on injection, apnea, cyanosis, Discussion excitement, retching and vomiting.Limb withdrawal during propofol injection was considered to be a sign of General anesthesia was induced by using pain perception [23].The signs of apnea in this study in inhalational agent or the injectable propofol and third and fourth groups were alleviated by supplying of ketamine.Ketamine and xylazine were selected oxygen [24].PaCO increased immediately after 10 because of the safe use for clinical anesthesia in several 2 species of animals.The combinations induce rapid min post anesthesia until recovery especially in second sedation with good analgesia and adequate muscular and fourth group but not significantly.The hypercarrelaxation which are dose dependent [7].Balanced pnia occurs due to the increase of CO level in blood 2 anesthesia is characterized by muscle relaxation, because of hypoxia due to insufflations with CO gas 2 unconsciousness and analgesia induced by combination [10,25].This suggests that bicarbonate level increased of drugs each have different predominant mechanism due to an increase of carbon dioxide level of blood action.It permits the decreases in the doses of drugs during pneumoperitoneum in dogs.There were no used and as well as their side effect [16].Total significant changes especially in third and fourth group intravenous anesthesia includes much more smooth due to the use of endotracheal tube which provided recovery from anesthesia with minimal postoperative continuous ventilation, so that respiratory acidosis did side effect as vomiting [17]

Third group (G3):
Onset college of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul.ofanalgesia, disappearance of the pedal reflex, The dogs were provided with free access to standard duration of anesthesia, duration of recumbency and chow and tap water prior to the experiment.recovery time.Two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) Twenty dogs were divided into four group, five was used to determine the statistical significance.P dog in each group.All animals were prepared value was considered significantly at P<0.05.aseptically for arterial blood sample collection from 2 according to the standard local guidelines.The study rate 5 L/min [14,15].protocol was approved by the Animal House of the In all groups the criteria recorded included:

Table - 1
. The anesthetic quality and parameters of four protocols in the dogs.

Table - 2
. pH value in four anesthetic protocols in dogs.The result of gas analysis showed no very low frequency of occurrence of unusual reactions significant difference among the four treatment groups in local dogs premedicated with xylazine[21].inpH(Table-2).There was no significant change inPropofol is highly lipid soluble, results in rapid blood paCO in second and fourth group once after anesthesia brain equilibrium and hence rapid onset of action 2occurs.Rapid clearance makes it unsuitable as single until recovery (Table-3).The paO significantly 2

Pre anesthesia 0 minute Post anesthesia 10 minute Post anesthesia 30 minute Recovery
It returns to normal at 15 occurs due to effect of ketamine on muscle tone and minutes after termination of propofol infusion in spontaneous muscle activity.For this reason, ketamine buffalo calves [30].could not be used alone in dogs but can be used with doi:10.5455/vetworld.2013.95-99Table-3.paCO value in four anesthetic protocols in dogs.

Table - 4
. paO value in four anesthetic protocols in dogs.Different letters means significant differences between groups at P<0.05