contortus infected kids

Aim: To determine the effect of severity of Haemonchus contortus infection on performance and economics of raising kids fed on two respective plane of nutrition. 
 
Materials and Methods: The feeding trial was conducted for 120 days with non-descript female kids (3-5 months age). The kids were randomly allocated into two dietary treatments having normal protein normal energy (NPNE) and high protein medium energy (HPME) using conventional feedstuffs (crushed maize, ground nut cake, berseem hay and chaffed paddy straw), fortified with mineral mixture (1%), salt (0.5%) and vitamin premix (@ 20gq-1 feed), each treatment having three levels of H. contortus infection (W , W and W ) in a 2x3 factorial design. The study was undertaken to ascertain the performance 0 500 2000 and economics of raising kids fed on higher plane of nutrition. 
 
Results: The total dry matter intake (DMI: kg) was 41.18, 39.56 and 41.11 in W0, W and W in group HPME; whereas in 500 2000 NPNE the DMI was 39.66, 38.03 and 35.95 kg in the respective infection levels. The highest body weight gain was obtained in HPME than NPNE from 1st to 16th week of experiment. The infected kids at NPNE gained at a slower rate as compared to the kids maintained at HPME. The mean percentage of monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils fluctuated in different ways throughout the experiment without any significant difference and these cells were not followed any specific trend. However, significantly higher (P


Introduction
of the GI tract, plasma and blood replacement [8].A more recent update of the implications and interactions The recurring losses in productivity and profit due of nutrients and parasites in small ruminants have been to Haemonchus contortus infection are a common discussed by Jackson [20], Athanasiadou et al. [21], as problem for small ruminants' production in the most well as with an emphasis in goats by Hoste et al. [22].part of the world [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].This condition becomes worse However, this field of investigation is still in the malnourished animals.This shows a significant unexplored which needs to be exploited for the better relationship between nutrition and infection.Enhanced health of the animals.Therefore this field has been nutrition can affect the ability of the host to cope with considered to be a recent trend to find out a suitable the consequences of parasitism and to tolerate or performance index of parasitized animals.It would overcome parasitism [8][9][10][11][12].Many workers [13][14][15] provide a proficient indication to develop a novel feed have demonstrated that parasitic infestation adversely formula for the animals in accordance with intensity of reduced DMI in small ruminants and that was parasitic infections.Keeping this in view, the present improved by high quality feed supplementation [16].
study was planned to ascertain the effect of severity of Similarly, highly metabolizable protein diets have been H. contortus infection on performance and economics shown to increase resistance of lambs against H.
of raising kids fed on high plane of nutrition.contortus [17].Well-fed animals can withstand the harmful effects of GI parasitism, can remain reasonably
were randomly allocated into six equal groups.Two On high plane of nutrition, animals do not have to diets normal protein normal energy (NPNE) and high repartition protein from productive functions such as protein medium energy (HPME) were fed to kids muscle, bone and wool growth towards repair functions having three levels of H. contortus infection (W , W , Committee was taken prior to start of the experimental 0 500 study.W ) in a 2x3 factorial design [23] for experimental 2000 period of 120 days.

Results and Discussion
The NPNE diet contained berseem hay and -1 The average dry matter intake (gd ) of entire chopped rice straw as source of roughage in the ratio of feeding trial at weekly interval in various groups has 60:40 and crushed maize @ 100g/d/kid as source of been presented in Fig1.The difference between NPNE concentrate ingredient.However, the HPME diet nd and HPME was found to be significant at 2 week.The contained berseem hay and chopped rice straw in the same trend maintained till the end of the experiment ratio of 90:10 and crushed maize and groundnut cake th (50:50) as concentrate.The diets were supplemented except on 5 week.Significantly (P<0.05) higher DMI with mineral mixture (1%), salt (0.5%) and vitamin was reported in HPME than that of in NPNE.No premix (20g/q feed).The diets were formulated on the significant difference was observed between different basis of DCP and TDN requirement of kids for level of infection (W , W and W ) at varying levels 0 500 2000 maintenance and growth as per NRC [24].The of nutrition (NPNE and HPME) before the adminiformulated diets contained 7% DCP and 57.3% TDN in stration of H. contortus infection.However, it was th NPNE while 13.15% DCP and 62.5% TDN in HPME.statistically significant after 5 week post infection and All the kids were kept under uniform managetill the end of experiment.The highest DMI was mental conditions by housing them in a well-ventilated obtained in W kids followed by W and lowest in were dewormed and vaccinated according to standard rd found to be drastically reduced at 3 week post protocol before the start of experiment.The feeding infection on ward as compared to W kids of HPME.
2000 trial was lasted for 120 days.Daily record of feed As the period of infection increased the DMI was also intake was done.All kids were weighed weekly at three increased but in W and W kids it was not increased consecutive days during the entire experiment.Daily 2000 500 as that of kids without infection.gain in body weight of kids was determined by The initial and final body weight (kg), total body subtracting the initial body weight from the final body -1 weight.The blood samples were collected from all kids weight gain (kg) and body weight gain (gd ) at weekly after giving three weeks of infection.The collection interval during the entire experiment (120 days) were th was done at weekly interval till the 8 week post presented in  colubriformis infected lambs supplemented with fish more.However, within HPME these differences were meal.In accordance to the earlier report [26] in not so large.This was due to compensatory growth of Nematodirus battus and H. contortus infected sheep kids because of HPME diet.The daily body weight where high protein intake significantly increased gain was found to be highest in W followed by W and 0 500 eosinophil numbers [27].Eosinophils have been used W .The interaction between diets and infection differ 2000 th as selection indices for breeding sheep with an enhanced significantly (P<0.05)only after 5 week post infection.
resistance to parasites [28,29].Various workers [30,31] rd th The data of DLC from 3 to 8 week post infection suggested that pro-inflammatory cytokines are linked of kids fed on different diets are presented in Table-1.
to alterations in nutrient uptake and utilization.

The values of monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils
The economics of raising kids with varying level fluctuated in different ways and these cells were not of nutrition under different intensity of H. contortus followed any specific trend.These values were with in infection have been given in Table-2.It was observed the normal physiological range.The mean percentage that HPME fed kids gained more body weight as of monocytes was found to be maximum in HPME than compared to NPNE.It was found to be higher in control that of NPNE during the entire experiment but it was kids (W ) than in W infected kids and least gain was 0 500 found statistically non significant.The difference recorded in W kids.In earlier report it was found that 2000 between dietary treatment, levels of infection and their the H. contortus infected kids [32] and lambs [27] interaction were statistically non significant.Similar gained more weight when given high protein diet than observation was also reported by earlier worker [13] in low protein diet.The depression in intake was H. contortus infected sheep.Although the eosinophils accounted for over 60% of the difference in weight gain count was found statistically significant in NPNE and between T. colubriformis infected and control [33] HPME with the various levels of infection (W , W 0 500 while about 73% of difference in weight gain between and W ). The maximum eosinophils count was 2000 O. ostertagi infected and ad-lib fed control calves [34].obtained in W and W where kids were fed HPME  protein diet attained a more live weight gains than those of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Indira offered a low protein diet.The rate of expulsion of Gandhi Agricultural University, Anjora, Durg 491 001 gastrointestinal nematode parasites was related to the (Chhattisgarh), India, for extending the financial and level of supplementation [25].Protein supplemen-other facilities to accomplish the study.tation had beneficial effect on both resistance and

Competing interests resilience of dairy goats to nematode trickle infection
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.[37].The faecal egg counts were lowered and eosinophil counts were higher in the animals receiving of nutrition is a crucial element that influences its   nutrition and gastro-intestinal nematode parasitism: Interaction and implications in ruminant livestock.Indian J.
for individual feeding.All kids W kids.The DMI in W kids of NPNE group was 2000 2000 eosinophils in HPME fed kids during H. contortusEshratkhah, A. Gorbani and Chaichi-Semsari, M. (2011).infection may provide an index of a protective immune Effects of different levels of wattle tannin drenches on faecal response of kids to H. contortus infection.The infected egg counts during naturally acquired mixed nematode kids at the normal levels of dietary protein and energy infections in Moghani sheep.Annals Biol.Res. 2 (1): 226gained at a slower rate as compared to the kids 230.13.Dubey, C. S., Mondal, B. C., Tiwari, D. P., Kumar, A. and maintained at a higher level of protein and energy.The Yadav, C. L. (2011).Effect of plane of nutrition on nutrient cost of raising kids per kg meat was worked out to be utilization, Haemato-biochemical parameters and immune the most economical at high plane of nutrition even response in Haemonchus contortus infected sheep.Anim.with the heavy infection.

Table - 1
. Differential leucocytes count (%) of kids fed on different diets with H. contortus body weight gain due to W and W infections were concentration of eosinophils in Trichostrongylus.

Table - 2
. Least square means for different parameters of kids fed on diets at varying level of H. contortus infection Cost of meat was considered at the local market price of Rs 100 / kg. a b c & A B: Means with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05)