meat cholesterol level in broilers

Aim: A biological trial was conducted for a period of seven weeks to study the effect of graded levels of tallow (saturated) and sunflower oil (un saturated) or combination of both on the production performance, carcass characteristics, serum and meat cholesterol level in broilers. Materials and Methods: The experimental feeds were prepared by the addition of tallow (2% and 4%) and sunflower oil (2% and 4%) either alone or in combination of both (SF oil 1% + tallow 1% and SF oil 2% + tallow 2%). Results: Neither the fat source (sunflower oil or tallow) nor their combinations had influenced the growth rate, feed consumption, feed efficiency, livability and carcass characteristics in broilers. However, at 49 days of age, broilers fed with tallow alone had higher (P<0.01) abdominal fat than the rest of the treatment groups. When compared to control and tallow alone fed groups, the broilers fed with sunflower oil alone and mixture of sunflower oil and tallow had significantly (P<0.01) lower total serum and meat cholesterol level. Conclusion: The data suggest that the abdominal fat yield, serum and meat total cholesterol level of commercial broilers are inversely proportional to the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet.


Introduction
feed was formulated by following the standards prescribed in Bureau of Indian Standards [3].Total Fats and oils can be used as an alternative energy seven isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental source in place of prime energy feed ingredients in feeds were prepared by adding sunflower oil, tallow or broiler production.The dietary metabolizible energy combination of both to carry out this experimental trial.(ME) increased through supplementation of fat in The ingredients and chemical composition of the broiler ration had significantly increased body weight experimental broiler starter and finisher mash are gain in broilers [1].The cholesterol content of the food presented in Table-1 and 2 respectively.All the experiproducts especially from animal source becomes the mental broilers were fed with their respective experiprime area of consumer's concern because of the mental mash adlibitum throughout the study period under increased awareness on higher dietary cholesterol and standard managemental conditions.Broiler starter mash the incidence of coronary heart diseases.Similarly, was fed to broiler chicks from 0 to 25 days of age and there has been growing interest over recent years in the finisher mash was fed thereafter.modulation of the fatty acid composition and At the end of 40, 43, 46, and 49 days of age, one cholesterol content of poultry products.In poultry and male and one female from each replicate (total 6 per other monogastric animals, the fatty acid composition treatment) was randomly picked up and slaughtered of tissue lipids depends on the dietary fatty acids [2].
after collecting the blood samples.The blood serum Accordingly, this study was formulated to know the cholesterol level was estimated by one-step method [4].influence of sunflower oil and tallow on the production The ready-to-cook yield, giblet yield and abdominal fat performance, carcass yield, meat and blood cholesterol yields were recorded as per cent live weight.The breast level in commercial broilers.
and thigh meat samples were also collected from the

Materials and Methods
respective samples for the estimation of total meat The biological trial was conducted for a period of cholesterol level [5].For meat quality evaluation, the seven weeks to study the effect of graded levels of collected meat samples were cut into uniform size and sunflower oil, tallow or combination of both.Three cooked at 15 psi for 15 minutes.The cooked meat hundred and sixty day old commercial straight run samples were served hot to a taste panel consisting of broiler chicks were randomly allotted into seven six-members.The results were recorded on a nine point treatment groups (including control) with three replicates hedonic scale with ascending rate for the desired of twenty chicks each (   and tallow based diet had reduced serum and breast saturated fats.The higher abdominal fat yield recorded muscle total cholesterol level.Whereas, the groups of in groups of broilers fed with tallow based diet might be broilers fed with tallow based diet had 16 -20 per cent due to the fact that saturated fats tend to deposit more higher serum and muscle total cholesterol level.The fat in abdominal area also supported by Sanz et al.The higher level of total cholesterol level in groups of lowest abdominal fat yield recorded in broilers fed with broilers fed with tallow based diet might be due to the sunflower oil based diet might be due to the fact that reason that tallow is composed essentially of saturated vegetable oils inhibits the lipogenesis by inhibiting 9-fatty acids that increase the fat deposition Azman et desaturase complex and thereby reduces the fat deposition.
al. [16] in the muscle and ultimately the total cholesterol The serum, breast and thigh muscle total cholesterol was also increased.

Results and Discussion levels
of sunflower oil, tallow or combination of both at The mean body weight (g), feed consumption (g), the age of 40, 43, 46 and 49 days in broilers.These feed efficiency, ready to cook yield and giblet yield of findings are in agreement with Bilal et al.[10], Anjum broilers fed with sunflower oil, tallow either alone or in et al.[11] and Habib et al.[12].However, the ready-tocombinations are presented in Table-3.The body cook and eviscerated yields were increased as the age weight, feed consumption and feed efficiency of of the commercial broilers increased.Further when commercial broilers were not significantly influenced compared to the control group, all the treatment groups by the dietary inclusion of sunflower oil, tallow or Table-A).The experimental attributes of appearance, flavour, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability as suggested by Lawless and fed with fat based diets had better ready-to-cook and combination of both.Similarly Sanz et al.[8], also eviscerated yields.Similar findings were also observed recorded that dietary fats had no significant influence by Hasan et al. [13] in broilers had significant (P<0.01) on the growth rate of commercial broilers.However, difference due to supplementation of 5 per cent fat in the broilers fed with fat based diet had comparatively broiler diet.better body weight gain than the non-fat based control Mean (S.E.) abdominal fat pad yield, serum and group.However, Mohammadi et al.[9] reported that, meat total cholesterol level in commercial broilers doi:10.5455/vetworld.2013.159-162* Vitamin AB D K: (supplied per Kg of feed: vitamin A-8250 IU, vitamin B -5mg, Vitamin D -1200 IU, vitamin K-1mg).

Table - 1
. Ingredients and nutrients composition (%) of broiler starter ration from 40 to 49 days of age are presented in Table 4. broilers.This was in accordance with the findings of There was a significant (P<0.01)difference noticed in Hasan et al.[13] and Qureshi et al.[15] who recorded abdominal fat yield of commercial broilers fed with similar correlation between the age of the broiler and graded levels of tallow than the other treatment groups.the muscle total cholesterol level in broilers.When Similarly Bilal et al. [10], Hasan et al.[13] and Monfaredi compared to the control group, the broilers fed with et al.[14] also observed a significant increase in sunflower oil alone or combination of sunflower oil abdominal fat yield of commercial broilers fed with

Table - 3
. Effect of sunflower oil, tallow or combination of both on mean (± S.E.) body weight (g), cumulative feed consumption (g), feed efficiency, ready to cook yield and giblet yield of commercial broilers quality parameters of broiler meat.Archiv fiir Gelfliigel to the vegetable fats containing more amount of Kunde 63: 29 -35.Cited in Poult.Abstr., 25 : 1808.unsaturated fats also reported by Sanz et al. read and approved the final manuscript.13.Mohammed H.A. and Horniakova, E. (2011) Effect of using saturated and unsaturated fat with mixing them in broiler diet doi:10.5455/vetworld.2013.159-162 Ahmadi.,M.(2011) Effect of Dietary Saturated and the increase in age of the commercial broilers.Unsaturated Fats on Body Performance and Accumulation of Abdominal in Broiler Chickens.Iranian Journal of Applied 4. It was observed that the abdominal fat yield, serum authors

Table - 4
. Effect of sunflower oil, tallow or combination of both on mean (S.E.) serum and meat total cholesterol level from 40 to 49 days of age in commercial broilers Each value is the mean of 24 observations, ** Mean values (in column) bearing at least one common superscript do not differ significantly (P>0.01) ********