|
|
Open Access
Copyright: The authors. This article is an open access
article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) which permits unrestricted use,
distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly
cited.
Research (Published
online : 22-11-2013)
24. Effects of ochratoxin and T-2 toxin combination on
performance, biochemical and immune status of commercial broilers -
H. C. Indresh and B. Umakantha
Veterinary World, 6(11):
945-949
doi:
10.14202/vetworld.2013.945-949
Abstract
Aim: To study the effects of
Ochratoxin A (OA), T-2 toxin (T-2) and their combinations on the
performance, biochemical and immune status of broiler chickens.
Materials and Methods: 168 day-old Cobb broiler chicks,
obtained from a commercial hatchery were divided by Complete
Randomized Design into four groups of three replicates and
fourteen chicks per replicate, with dietary treatments of 0.0
(control), 1 ppm OA, 2 ppm T-2 and their combination (1 ppm OA +
2.0 ppm T-2). The chicks were housed in deep litter independent
conventional system with feed and water ad libitum throughout the
experimental study. Body weight and feed intake were recorded
weekly. At the end of the trial, blood was collected and was
analyzed for total protein, serum albumin, uric acid and the
activities of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alanine amino
transferase (ALT) and antibody titers against ND and IBD using
ELISA technique.
Results: The toxin treated birds exhibited a significant
(P<0.05) decrease in the body weights and weight of lymphoid
organs. A significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum total protein,
albumin and increase in serum uric acid levels were observed in
toxin treated birds. The serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) and
gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels were decreased and
antibody titers against Newcastle disease (ND) and Infectious
Bursal Disease (IBD) were decreased significantly (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: The presence of OA and T-2 in the diet showed
depressing effects on performance, biochemical and immunological
parameters indicating their adverse effects on the general health
of broilers.
Key words: biochemical parameters, broilers, immune status,
ochratoxin, T-2 toxin
References
|
1. Anjum, M. A., Sahota, A. W., Akram, M. and Ali, I. (2011)
Prevalence of mycotoxins in poultry feed ingredients in
Punjab. The J. Anim. Pl. Sci. (21)2:117-120. |
|
|
2. Pozzo, L., Salamano, G., Mellia, E., Gennero, M.S.,
Doglione, L., Cavallarin, L., Tarantola, M., Forneris. G. and
Schiavone, A. (2013) Feeding a diet contaminated with
ochratoxin A for chickens at the maximum level recommended by
the EU for poultry feeds (0.1 mg/kg). 1. Effects on growth and
slaughter performance, haematological and serum traits.
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 97 (1):
13-22.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12050
PMid:23639013 |
|
|
3. Manning, R.O. and Wyatt, R.D. (1984) Toxicity of
Aspergillus ochraceus contaminated wheat and different
chemical forms of ochratoxin A in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci.
63:458–465.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0630458
PMid:6718299 |
|
|
4. Xue, C. Y., Wang, G. H., Chen, F., Zhang, X. B., Bi, Y. Z.
and Cao, Y. C. (2010) Immuno pathological effects of
ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin combination on broilers. Poultry
Science. 89(6): 1162-1166.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00609
PMid:20460662 |
|
|
5. Iheshiulor, O.O.M., Esonu, B.O., Chuwuka, O.K., Omede, A.A.,
Okoli, I.C. and Ogbuewu, I.P. (2011) Effects of mycotoxins in
animal nutrition: A review. Asian J. Anim. Sci., 5: 19-33.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajas.2011.19.33 |
|
|
6. Rukmini, C. and Bhat, R.V. (1978) Occurrence of T-2 toxin
in Fusarium infested sorghum from India. Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 26: 647-649.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf60217a013
PMid:659716 |
|
|
|
7. Romer, T.R. (1975) Screening method for the detection of
aflatoxins in mixed feeds and other agricultural commodities
with subsequent confirmation and quantitative measurement of
aflatoxins in positive samples. Journal of AOAC international.
58: 500-506. |
|
|
|
8. AOAC. (1995) Official Methods of Analysis. 16th Ed.,
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C. |
|
|
9. Calnek, B.W., Barnes, H.J., Beard, C.W., Reid, W.M. and
Yoder Jr. H.W. (1992) Diseases of Poultry, 9th Edn., Wolfe
Publishing, Ltd., USA.
PMCid:PMC1132886 |
|
|
|
10. SAS. (2000). Statistical Analysis Systems User's Guide:
Statistics. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. |
|
|
11. Duncan, D.B. (1955) Multiple range and multiple F tests.
Biometrics. 11: 1-42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3001478 |
|
|
12. Sakthivelan, S.M. and Sudhakar Rao. S.V. (2010) Effect of
Ochratoxin A on Body Weight, Feed Intake and Feed Conversion
in Broiler Chicken. Veterinary Medicine International. 1: 1-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/590432
PMid:21234366 PMCid:PMC3014719 |
|
|
|
13. Prakash, K., Umakantha, B., Devegowda, G., Gowdh, C.V. and
Krishnappa. G. (2000) Effect of individual and combined
supplementation of vitamin E and selenium on the performance
of broiler chicks fed Ochratoxin-A. Indian J. Ani. sci. 70:2:
197-199. |
|
|
14. Nesic, K., Resanovic, R., Jakic-Dimic, D. and Nesic, V.
(2011) Efficiency of various feed additives on the performance
of broilers treated with T-2 toxin. Biotechnology in Animal
Husbandry 27 (3): 705-711.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/BAH1103705N |
|
|
|
15. Arvind, K.L., Patil, V.S., Devegowda, G., Umakantha, B.
and Ganpule, S.P. (2003) Efficacy of Esterified glucomannan to
counteract Mycotoxicosis in naturally contaminated feed on
performance, serum biochemical and hematological parameters in
broilers. Poult. Sci., 82: 571-576. |
|
|
16. Eriksen, G.S and Pettersson. H. (2004) Toxicological
evaluation of trichothecenes in animal feed. Animal Feed
Science and Technology. 114(1/4): 205-239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2003.08.008 |
|
|
|
17. Manafi, M., Umakantha, B., Noor Ali, M. and Narayana Swamy,
H.D. (2012) Study of the Combination Effects of Aflatoxin and
T-2 Toxin on Performance Parameters and Internal Organs of
Commercial Broilers. Global Veterinaria 8 (4): 393-396. |
|
|
|
18. Hassan, Z., Khan, M. Z., Khan, A. and Javed, I. (2010)
Pathological responses of white Leghorn breeder hens kept on
Ochratoxin A contaminated feed. Pakistan Veterinary Journal.
30: 118–123. |
|
|
|
19. Azarakhsh, Y., Sabokbar, A. and Bayat, M. (2011) Incidence
of the Most Common Toxigenic Aspergillus Species in Broiler
Feeds. Global Veterinaria. 6: 73-77. |
|
|
20. Agawane, S.B. and Lonkar, P.S. (2004) Effect of probiotic
containing saccharomyces boulardii on experimental
ochratoxicosis in broilers; haematobiochemical studies.
Journal of Vet. Science. 5(4): 359-367.
PMid:15613821 |
|
|
21. Verma, J., Johri, T.S., Swain, B.K. and Ameena. S. (2004)
Effect of graded levels of flatoxin, Ochratoxin and their
combinations on the performance and immune response of
broilers. British Poultry Science. 45(4): 512-518.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071660412331286226
PMid:15484726 |
|
|
|
22. Awaad, M.H.H., Abdel Alim, G.A., Madian, K., Kawkab,
Ahmed, A. and EI-nabarawy, A. (2005) Prevention of chicken
Ochratoxicosis immune dysfunction by probiotics. Veterinary
Medical Journal Giza. 53(2): 473-488. |
|
|
|
23. Curtui, V.G. (2000) Effects of feeding a Fusariumpoae
extract and a natural zeolite to broiler chickens. Mycotoxin
Research. 16(1): 43-52: 39. |
|
|
|
24. Nataraj, T.H., Swamy, H.D.N., Vijayasarathi, S.K., Kumar,
B.S. and Prakash, G.C. (2004) Pathomorphological study of
liver and kidneys in aflatoxicosis and T-2 toxicosis in
broiler chickens. Indian Journal of Ani. Science. 74(9):
944-945. |
|
|
25. Kubena, L.F., Huff, W.E., Harvey, R.B., Corrier, D.E.,
Phillips, T.D. and Rottinghans, G.E. (1989) Individual and
combined toxicity of deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin in broiler
chicks. Poultry. Sci. 68: 622-626.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0680622
PMid:2755890 |
|
|
26. Dwivedi, P. and Burns, R.B. (1984) Pathology of
ochratoxicosis A in young broiler chicks. Res. Vet. Sci. 36:
92-103.
PMid:6709978 |
|
|
|
27. Jayaramu G.M., Satyanarayana M.L., Ravikumar, P. and
Narayanaswamy H.D. (2012). Evaluation of the Immune Status of
Broiler Chicken during Ochratoxin, Citrinin and Their Combined
Toxicity. Int. J. Adv. Bio. Res. 2(4): 756-759. |
|
|
|
28. Kalorey, D.R., Kurkure, N.V., Ramgoankar, J.S., Sakhare,
P.S., Shubhangi Warke and Nagot, N.K. (2005) Effect of
polyherbal feed supplement "Growell" during induced
aflatoxicosis, ochratoxicosis and combined mycotoxicosis in
broilers. Asian Australian Journal of Animal Sciences. 18(3):
375-383. |
|
|
29. Kamalavenkatesh, P., Vairamuthu, S., Balachandran, C.,
Manohar, B.M. and Raj, G.D. (2005) Immunopathological effect
of the mycotoxins cyclopiazonic acid and T-2 toxin on broiler
chickens. Mycopatholgia. 159(2): 273-279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11046-004-7321-0
PMid:15770454 |
|
|
30. Wang G.H., Xue C.Y., Chen F., Ma Y.L., Zhang A.B., Bi Y.Z.
and Cao Y.C. (2009) Effects of combinations of ochratoxin A
and T-2 toxin on immune function of yellow-feathered broiler
chickens. Poultry Science. 88: 504–510.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00329
PMid:19211518 |
|
|
|
31. Zahoor-ul-Hassan, Khan, M.Z., Khan, A. and Javed, I.
(2010) Pathological responses of White Leghorn breeder hens
kept on ochratoxin A contaminated feed. Pakistan Veterinary
Journal 30(2): 118-123. |
|
|
32. Raju, M.V.L.N. and Devegowda, G. (2000) Influence of
esterified glucomannan on performance and organic morphology,
serum biochemistry and haematology in broilers exposed to
individual and combined mycotoxicosis (aflatoxin, ochratoxin
and T-2 toxin). Br. Poult. Sci. 41: 640- 650.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713654986
PMid:11201446 |
|
|
|
33. Mujahid, H., Hashmi, A.S., Anjum, A.A., Waris, A and Tipu,
Y. (2012) Detoxification potential of Ochratoxin by yeast
sludge and evaluation in broiler chicks. The Journal of Animal
and Plant Sciences. 22(3): 601-604. |
|
|
|
34. Yang, D.J., Chang, W. K., Byoung, K.A., Jong S.A. and
Radka, B. (2013) Effects of ochratoxin A and preventive action
of A mycotoxin-deactivation product in broiler chickens.
Veterinarija IR Zootechnika. 61: 22-29. |
|
|
35. Jelena, N.T., Trailovi, S., Mirjana, D. and Ili, V. (2013)
Blood serum protein status in broilers fed with increasing
concentrations of Ochratoxin A. Acta Veterinaria (Beograd). 63
(1): 77-88.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/AVB1301077N |
|
|
