Economic losses due to important diseases of bovines in central India

Disease acts as a negative influence on the livestock production system, thus setting off a cascading affect of low production, low income, and subsistent livelihood. The consequences of animal diseases in livestock can be complex and generally go well beyond the immediate effects on affected producers. These diseases have numerous impacts, including productivity losses for the livestock sector ( production losses, cost of treatment, market disturbances), loss of income from activities using animal resources ( energy, transportation, tourism), prevention or control costs (production costs, public expenditure) and suboptimal use of production potential (animal species, genetics, livestock practices) [1]. Highly contagious livestock diseases such as foot and mouth disease (FMD), hemorrhagic septicemia (HS), mastitis, peste des petits ruminant (PPR) and surra in cloven footed domestic animals cause irreparable economic losses to the farming community. They also occupy the top position among the livestock diseases due to wide host range, plurality of immunological types, short duration of immunity and economic losses and their impact on livestock production and productivity. In the above context, a comprehensive economic assessment of animal diseases is of utmost importance before formulating the various livestock health intervention efforts. Several studies in the Indian context are available on the prevalence of major livestock diseases and the economic loss due these diseases [2-11]. However, scant literature is available on economic implications of important diseases based on data from the field level. The risk factor and impact of husbandry practices on occurrence and spread of outbreak have also not been well defined in these studies. A better understanding of the epidemiological and economic parameters elated to important diseases is the need of the day. The present study was undertaken to assess the status and economic impact of important diseases on production parameters in bovines in India with the following specific objectives: i. To analyze the socio economic factors associated with the occurrence of important diseases in Bovines. ii. To estimate the economic losses due to important livestock diseases in bovines. viz.


Introduction
Disease acts as a negative influence on the livestock production system, thus setting off a cascading affect of low production, low income, and subsistent livelihood.The consequences of animal diseases in livestock can be complex and generally go well beyond the immediate effects on affected producers.These diseases have numerous impacts, including productivity losses for the livestock sector ( production losses, cost of treatment, market disturbances), loss of income from activities using animal resources ( energy, transportation, tourism), prevention or control costs (production costs, public expenditure) and suboptimal use of production potential (animal species, genetics, livestock practices) [1].
Highly contagious livestock diseases such as foot and mouth disease (FMD), hemorrhagic septicemia (HS), mastitis, peste des petits ruminant (PPR) and surra in cloven footed domestic animals cause irreparable economic losses to the farming community.They also occupy the top position among the livestock diseases due to wide host range, plurality of immunological types, short duration of immunity and economic losses and their impact on livestock production and productivity.
In the above context, a comprehensive economic assessment of animal diseases is of utmost importance before formulating the various livestock health intervention efforts.Several studies in the Indian context are available on the prevalence of major livestock diseases and the economic loss due these diseases [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11].However, scant literature is available on economic implications of important diseases based on data from the field level.The risk factor and impact of husbandry practices on occurrence and spread of outbreak have also not been well defined in these studies.A better understanding of the epidemiological and economic parameters elated to important diseases is the need of the day.
The present study was undertaken to assess the status and economic impact of important diseases on production parameters in bovines in India with the following specific objectives: i.To analyze the socio economic factors associated with the occurrence of important diseases in Bovines.ii.To estimate the economic losses due to important livestock diseases in bovines.

viz.
viz.To analyze the factors associated with morbidity and mortality rates as well as to evaluate economic losses due to important diseases of bovines, mastitis, haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) and surra in Purvanchal Region of Uttar Pradesh.

Economic losses due to important diseases of bovines in central India
A sample of 300 livestock owners were selected from each of five divisions of Purvanchal region of the state of Uttar Pradesh using multistage stratified sampling with simple random sampling without replacement at village level.The morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates due to different diseases were determined using standard statistical indices.
Test.The total economic loss due to diseases in bovines was worked out as sum of mortality loss, loss in milk yield and cost of treatment of affected animals.
The overall morbidity rates of mastitis, HS and surra in cattle and buffaloes were 15.5%, 7.1% and 5.3%, respectively.The mortality and case fatality due to HS was found higher in the young calves as compared to the adults in case of both buffaloes and cattle.Mortality and case fatality due to surra was greater in the adult animals as compared to the younger ones in case of both buffaloes and cattle.The study thus revealed significant losses due to diseases in large ruminants on.There is thus ample scope for preventive measures to control the disease bovines.buffalo, morbidity, mortality.

viz.
Association between cattle morbidity and mortality rates and different factors was calculated by χ2 cattle, disease impact, The study was carried out in the state of Uttar Pradesh which is the most populous state in India with a population of 199,581,477 million people [12].The state covers a large part of the densely populated Gangetic plain consisting of 75 districts, which are grouped into 18 divisions.The study was carried out in the Purvanchal region, which lies at the eastern end of the state comprising of five divisions viz.Gorakhpur (latitude 26.76 N and longitude 83.36 E), Mirzapur (latitude 25.15 N and longitude 82.6 E), Varanasi (latitude 25.28 N and longitude 82.95 E), Basti (latitude 27.25 N and longitude 83.00 E) and Azamgarh (latitude 26.6 N and longitude 83.19 E), which together comprises of 17 districts.Stratified multistage random sampling was used in the study.One district was selected from each of the five divisions and two blocks were selected from each of the selected district, randomly.From each selected block, two villages were selected, randomly.Thus, the sample for the study comprised of 5 districts, 10 blocks and 20 villages.On the basis of a pre-survey, a list of farmers having at least two adult cattle or buffaloes, were prepared from each selected village.Then, simple random sampling without replacement was followed to select 15 livestock owners/households from that list.Thus, 300 livestock owners/households constituted the ultimate sampling units for the study.

Sampling
Data were collected from a primary field survey of the selected households by personally interviewing the household heads with the help of a comprehensive and pre-tested questionnaire specifically designed for the study.Data pertaining to incidence of specific diseases were collected on the basis of farmers' recall for the reference period.The interviewer, being a veterinarian, the specific diseases that affected animals were identified by the standard symptoms as elicited by the livestock owner.The identification of diseases was then further corroborated with the local veterinarian who was already in the knowledge in regard to outbreak areas of the diseases and livestock owners whose animals have been affected by such outbreaks.
Apart from data on incidence of diseases, data were also collected on socio-economic and farm characteristics of the households, production parameters, components of economic losses due to diseases, productive and reproductive losses, costs incurred in control/treatment and opportunity costs.The data collected pertained to the period January, 2011 to December, 2011.
The morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates due to different diseases were determined using standard statistical indices.For estimation of mortality and morbidity rates in bovines, the population at risk was taken as mid-year population i.e.June 2011 population.Formulae used for mortality and morbidity rates and case fatality rates The total economic loss due to diseases in bovines was worked out as sum of (A) mortality loss, (B) loss in milk yield and (C) cost of treatment of affected animals.The total economic loss is expressed as This was worked out as the product of number of died animals (D) due to the disease and probable market value (P) of the animal.

A= D×P B = B + B + B
For the proportion of cows in milk in the herd, the losses were expressed in terms of reduction in milk yield, which through the price of milk could be directly converted into monetary terms.When a cow died as a result of the disease, the adopted market value was assumed to reflect its production worth.The double counting or costing was avoided.The immediate fall in milk production in lactating cows is never gained later and therefore, constituted a significant loss.
The loss due to direct decline in milk production was estimated using formula: The problem of non-conception caused by a disease increases the inter-calving period and thus lower number of animals will be in milk at any given time.As a result of non-conception or delayed conception, the milk output gets reduced.An average delay of 3 months in the next conception was assumed for all the animals affected by the disease.The loss of milk was calculated by the reduction in proportion of lactating animals in any year multiplied by the average milk yield per in- The morbidity rates of mastitis, HS and surra in cattle were 18%, 4.5% and 6%, respectively (Table -2).The morbidity rates in buffaloes for the above diseases in the same order were 12.3%, 10% and 4.7%, respectively.Chi square analysis revealed significant difference (P>0.05) in morbidity rates between cattle and buffaloes.Incidence of mastitis was higher in cows (18%) than in buffaloes (12.3%).Higher incidence rates of mastitis in cows than in buffaloes were also reported in many earlier studies [4,13].Higher morbidity rates of HS in buffaloes as compared to cattle as observed in this study are in consonance with the findings of earlier studies [16][17][18][19][20].
The morbidity rates of mastitis, HS and surra in nondescript (ND) cattle were 6.5%, 4% and 5.4%, respectively and the corresponding figures in case of crossbred (CB) cows were 28.5%, 5.3% and 6.4%, respectively (Table -3).Ch revealed significant difference (P>0.05) in morbidity rates between ND and CB cattle.The high morbidity rates of various diseases in CB cattle than ND cattle might be due to more resistant power against diseases in the latter breed of animals.
The morbidity rates in male cattle were more in case of HS (6%) and surra (6.5%) than in female cattle (4% and 5.6%, respectively).Chi-square analysis showed that the morbidity pattern differed significantly (p<0.01) between male and female animals (Table -4).In case of The overall morbidity rates of mastitis, HS and surra in cattle and buffaloes were 15.5%, 7.1% and 5.3% respectively (Table -1).
Prevalence rate of mastitis as reported from Tamil Nadu was 12.93 and 13.09 % in case of cows and 7.04 and 7.72 % in case of buffaloes in government/university farms and private farms, respectively [13].Singh [14] reported that incidence rate of mastitis in crossbred cows in an organised dairy farm varied between 22.31 and 62.54 % during various years of the period 2002-2005.Findings regarding overall morbidity rates of HS are in agreement with that of earlier studies [3,15].
Chi square test statistic (χ2) revealed lack of significant difference (P>0.05) between morbidity rates in different districts in the region.buffaloes, male and female animals were affected equally by HS (5%).The incidence of surra was found only in female buffaloes (4.7%).
Chi-square analysis showed significant difference (p<0.01) in rates of morbidity in different age groups in case of cattle .Out of total cattle morbidity, calves were highly affected (7.5%) by HS than young (3.7%) and adult (3.5%) animals.Surra was more prevalent in adult (9.5%) than in young animals (2.5%) and calves (0.53%).Mastitis occurred only in adult animals.In case of buffaloes also, significant difference (p<0.01) in rates of morbidity in different age groups was observed.The calves were highly affected by HS (23.8%), as against to young stocks (8%) and adult animals (4.6%).High morbidity rates of HS in calves as observed in this study are in consonance with the findings of Farooq [20].Surra were more prevalent in adult animals (7.5%) than in young animals (4%) and calves.
Mortality was not found in case of mastitis.The overall mortality due to diseases was more in buffaloes than in cattle.Similar results were reported by [17].In case of HS, in young buffalo calves, mortality rate and case fatality rates were 20%, and 84%, respectively (Table -6).In adult buffaloes, mortality and case fatality rates were 1.7%, and 35.7%, respectively.In case of young ND cattle calves, mortality and case fatality rates were 5.44%, and 83.3%, respectively.In case of ND adult cattle, mortality and case fatality rates were recorded as 1.25%, and 37.5%, respectively.In case of CB cattle calves, mortality and case fatality rates were 6.3%, and 75%, respectively.In case of CB adult cattle, mortality and case fatality rates were recorded as 1.1%, and 28.5%, respectively.The higher mortality and case fatality due to HS in the young calves as compared to the adults in case of both buffaloes and cattle as observed in this study are in consonance with the findings of earlier studies [18,19,20].
Mortality and case fatality due to Trypanosomiasis (surra) was greater in adult animals as compared to the young ones in case of both buffaloes and cattle (Table -7).In young buffalo calves, no mortality was observed.In adult buffaloes, mortality and case fatality rates were 2%, and 26%, respectively.In case of ND adult cattle, mortality and case fatality rates were 1.67%, and 19%, respectively.In case of CB adult cattle, mortality and case fatality rates were 1.6%, and 15.7%, respectively.Bardhan [22] was higher as replacement cost was also included in the total cost of mastitis in addition to production loss and treatment cost.

Mortality rates of various diseases:
Economic losses due to diseases Economic losses due to mastitis: de Alwis The major part of the loss in lactating animal suffering from mastitis was due to cost of treatment.In case of ND cows it was found out to be INR 525 whose share was 60.46%t out of the total loss (Table -9).The same figure in case of CB cows was INR 695.53 which was 52.92%t of the total loss.In case of buffaloes the major contribution to the total loss was also cost of treatment at INR 647.36 (50.87% of total loss).The next major component of loss was production loss which included milk yield loss and discarded milk loss.In ND cows, production loss accounted for 39.53% of total loss.Yield loss and discarded milk loss was INR 316.67 and INR 26.67, which constituted 92.23% and 7.76% of production loss, respectively.In CB cows, production loss accounted for INR 618.56 which was 47.07% of total loss.Yield loss and discarded milk loss was INR 546.42 and INR 72.14, respectively, which was 88.33% and 11.66% of production loss, respectively.In buffaloes, production loss accounted for INR 625 and its share was 49.12% of total loss.Yield loss and discarded milk loss was INR 552.63 and Rs 72.36, which constituted 88.42% and 11.57% of production loss, respectively.Ozsvari [23] had reported that production loss due to mastitis per infected animal accounts for 59% of total loss.Mortality losses due to HS in Nondescript cattle were INR 33, 350, in which share of mortality of calves, young ones and adult animals were 18%, 30% and 45%, respectively (Table -10).Treatment cost constituted 7% of total loss.In case of CB cattle, mortality losses were INR 56, 750 in which share of mortality of calves, young ones, adult animals and treatment cost constituted 14.9%, 26.4%, 52.8% and 5.72%, respectively.Mortality losses due to HS in case of buffaloes were INR 2, 61, 050, in which percentage contribution of calves, young ones, adult animals and cost of treatment were 17.2 %, 40.4%, 38.3% and 4.1%, respectively.
Morbidity loss due to HS in ND cattle was INR 4, 342.50, in which share of yield loss and treatment costs were 20.5% and 79.4%, respectively.In case of CB cattle, morbidity losses were INR 4, 592 in which share of yield loss and treatment costs were 17.2% and 82.7%, respectively.Morbidity losses in buffaloes were INR 11,755, in which 36.19% was due to milk loss and 63.8% was due to cost of treatment .Total losses due to morbidity in bovines were INR 20, 689.50 in which milk yield loss and treatment cost constituted 28.7% and 71.29% of total cost, respectively.
Total economic losses due to HS in ND cattle were INR 37, 692.50, in which share of morbidity losses and mortality losses were 11.5% and 88.47%, respectively.Per animal total losses in case of ND cattle was INR 2, 355.78.Total economic losses due to HS in CB cattle were INR 61, 342, in which share of morbidity losses and mortality losses were 7.48% and 92.51%, respectively.Total economic loss per crossbred cattle was INR 3,228.52.In case of buffaloes, total economic losses due to HS were INR 2, 72, 805 in which share of morbidity losses and mortality losses were 4.30% and 95.69%, respectively.Per buffalo economic loss was INR 4, 262.57.Total economic losses due to HS in sampled animals in study area were INR 3, 71, 839.50, in which share of morbidity losses and mortality et al.The present study was carried out to analyze the factors associated with morbidity and mortality rates as well as to evaluate economic losses due to important diseases of bovines, mastitis, HS and surra in Purvanchal Region of Uttar Pradesh.The findings of the study revealed that mastitis was more prevalent in high yielding CB cows than ND cows and buffaloes.Buffaloes were more susceptible to HS than cattle.The morbidity rates and case fatality rates were higher in

Economic losses due to HS:
in milk yield: B =Value of direct loss due to reduction in milk yield: B =Loss of milk due to increased abortion: B =Milk loss due to increased inter-calving period: were: Morbidity Rate (%) = [No. of cases observed during study period / Population (mid year)] x 100 Mortality Rate (%) = [No. of deaths observed during study period / Population (mid year)] x 100 Case fatality rate (%) = [No. of animals died during study period / No. of cases of diseases during study period] x 100 Test.
B = (I -D) P L Z M Where, I = Number of infected animals D = Number of animals died P = Proportion of animals in milk Z =Annual average milk yield per milch animal L = Proportion of lactation lost M = Price of milk Abortion can occur due to specific disease, particularly in the late pregnancies and leads to increased calving index, besides loss of calf.Assuming the time for abortion as 8 months from conception, and a delay of six months in the next conception, the calving index gets increased by 13.5 months in aborting cases, and the milk loss due to increased abortions were estimated from equation: B = [(12/C ) -{12/ (C + 13.5 A)}] (I -D) P Y M Where, C = Calving Index A = Increased abortion rate Y =Average lactation yield per milch animal Association between cattle morbidity and mortality rates and different factors was calculated by χ2 year and by the price M. B = [(12/C ) -{12/(C + 3)}] (I -D) P Y M C = I T Where, T = Average treatment cost of an infected animal (INR) figures in parentheses indicates percentage to production losses), (b: figures in parentheses indicates percentage to total losses).

Table -
** Significant at 5% level of significance

Table - 6
: Mortality rate/CFR of HS

Table - 9
: Economic losses per animal per lactation in mastitis.(INR) Table-14).Morbidity losses in buffaloes were INR 1, 09, 950 in which 88.5% was due to milk loss and 11.4% was due to cost of treatment.Total losses due to morbidity in bovines were INR 1, 37, 260 in which 76.72% was due to milk yield loss and 23.27% was due to cost of treatment.Total economic losses due to Surra in ND cattle were INR 73, 220, in which share of morbidity losses and mortality losses were 11.78% and 88.22%, respectively (Table-15).Per animal total losses in case of ND cattle was INR 3, 328.Total economic losses due to Surra in CB cattles were INR 1, 42, 440 in which share of morbidity losses and mortality losses were 13.12% and 86.87% respectively.Total economic losses per crossbred cattle were INR 6, 193.In case of buffaloes total economic losses due to Surra were INR 2, 96, 170 in which share of morbidity losses and mortality losses were 37.12% and 87%, respectively.Per buffalo economic loss was INR 9, 872.Total economic losses due to surra in the study area were INR 5, 11, 830, in which share of morbidity losses and mortality losses were 26.81% and 73.18%, respectively.

Table - 12:
6,tal economic losses due to HS. (INR) Figures in brackets indicate percentages to the total loss.Figures in brackets indicate percentages to the total loss.Morbidity losses due to Surra.(INR)Figures in brackets indicate percentages to the total loss.Figures in brackets indicate percentages to the total loss.calvesdue to HS in bovines.On the other hand, the morbidity rates and case fatality rates were higher in adults due to surra in bovines.Economic losses per lactation in bovines due to mastitis were highest in CB cows at INR 1, 314.10 per lactation.In case of ND cows and buffaloes total losses due to mastitis per lactation were INR 868.34 and INR 1, 272.36 respectively.Total economic losses due to HS in the study area were INR 3, 71, 839.50, in which share of morbidity losses and mortality losses were 5.5% and 94.43%, respectively Total losses due to HS per animal in ND cows, CB cows and buffaloes were INR 2, 355.78,INR 3, 228.52 and INR 4, 262.57, respectively.Total economic losses due to surra were INR 5, 11, 830, in which share of morbidity losses and mortality losses were 26.81% and 73.18%, respectively.Total losses due to surra per animal in ND cows, CB cows and buffaloes were INR 3, 328.18,INR6,193 and INR 9, 872.33,respectively.The study thus revealed significant losses due to diseases in large ruminants on.There is thus ample scope for preventive measures to control the disease bovines.In this regard, there is need for sustained active surveillance programmes and development and use of novel diagnostics for early detection of the diseases so as preempt their adverse impact at the earliest.