Determination of residues of pesticides, anabolic steroids, antibiotics, and antibacterial compounds in meat products in Oman by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Vet World Vol.14 March-2021 Article-21

Research Article

Veterinary World, 14(3): 709-720

https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.709-720

Issa Al-Amri¹, Isam T. Kadim¹, Abdulaziz AlKindi¹, Ahmed Hamaed¹, Rabea Al-Magbali², Samera Khalaf³, Khdija Al-Hosni³, and Fazal Mabood⁴

1. Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, PC 616, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
2. Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
3. Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, PC 616, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
4. Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Background and Aim: Meat is a rich source of many nutrients and plays a vital role in human life however, meat safety is one of the top priorities of great concern for consumers today. More than 90% of human exposure to harmful materials is due to consumption of contaminated meat products. This study was designed to compare four valid analytical methods for the determination of organochlorine pesticides 2,4 D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene/ dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, alachlor, organophosphate, anabolic steroids (progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen), antibiotics (tetracycline, sulfonamides, gentamycin, and cephalexin), antibacterial compounds (Macrolide, β-Lactam, Chloramphenicol, Sulphur drugs, and Gentamicin) residues in 135 beef, buffalo, and sheep meat samples (fresh, frozen meats, minced, and sausage samples) of local, regional, and international brands available in Omani markets.

Materials and Methods: Triplicate meat samples from each brand within each species were extracted with acetonitrile and purified with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane to remove all impurities. To dry the sample after heating, the residue was passed across a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge for sample cleaning before gas chromatography (GC) (Brand GCMS-QP2010 Plus) coupled with different detectors, including a mass spectrometer or GC-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was also employed for the quantification of the residues in meat products. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were employed to assess veterinary drug residues, anabolic steroids, and pesticides. The CHARM II instrument was employed to detect chloramphenicol, gentamicin, sulfa-drug, β-lactam, and macrolide residues in meat and meat product samples.

Results: A thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method should be considered as another method of choice to determine concentrations of veterinary drugs and anabolic steroids. The TLC results were validated by LC-MS. The three described methods permit the multi-residue analysis of anabolic steroid residue levels of 0.06-1.89 ppb in meat product samples. There were three violative residues of anabolic steroids in red meat products that were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Although, the levels of organochlorine pesticides and antibiotic concentrations in meat products were below the MRLs, the long-term consumption is considered a health hazard and will affect the wellbeing of consumers.

Conclusion: The four techniques (GC, high-performance liquid chromatography, ELISA and CHARM II) provided results that were reliable and precise for the detection of chessssmical residues in meat and meat products. Keywords: anabolic steroids, antibiotic, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, meat products, pesticides, residue.

Keywords: anabolic steroids, antibiotic, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, meat products, pesticides, residue.

How to cite this article: Al-Amri I, Kadim IT, AlKindi A, Hamaed A, Al-Magbali R, Khalaf S, Al-Hosni K, Mabood F (2021) Determination of residues of pesticides, anabolic steroids, antibiotics, and antibacterial compounds in meat products in Oman by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Veterinary World, 14(3): 709-720.

Received: 29-09-2020 Accepted: 05-02-2021 Published online: 22-03-2021

Corresponding author: Isam T. Kadim E-mail: isam@unizwa.edu.om

DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.709-720

Copyright: Al-Amri, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.