Medical prospects of cryptosporidiosis in vivo control using biofabricated nanoparticles loaded with Cinnamomum camphora extracts by Ulva fasciata

Vet World Vol.17 January-2024 Article-12

Research Article

Veterinary World, 17(1): 108-124

https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.108-124

Nesreen Allam Tantawy Allam¹, Ragaa Abd El-Fatah Hamouda², Doaa Sedky¹, Mahinour Ezzeldin Abdelsalam³, Mona Ebrahim Hussien Abd El-Gawad⁴, Noha Mahmoud Fahmy Hassan¹, Dina Aboelsoued¹, Amal M. Abou Elmaaty⁵, Muhammad A. Ibrahim⁴, Hanan Anwar Aly Taie⁶, Ashraf Samir Hakim⁷, Hassan Mohamed Desouky⁵, Kadria Nasr Abdel Megeed¹, and Marwa Salah Abdel-Hamid²

1. Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, Dokki, P.O. Box: 12622, Giza, Cairo, Egypt.
2. Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, 5th Zone, Sadat City, Munofia, Egypt.
3. Department of General Biology, Center of Basic Sciences, Misr University for Science and Technology, Al Motamayez District, 6th of October, Giza, Cairo, Egypt.
4. Cytogenetics and Animal Cell Culture Lab., National Gene Bank, Agriculture Research Center, 9 Gamaa Street, Giza, Cairo, Egypt.
5. Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, Dokki, P.O. Box: 12622, Giza, Cairo, Egypt.
6. Department of Plant Biochemistry, Agriculture and Biological Researches Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Cairo, Egypt.
7. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, Dokki, P.O. Box: 12622, Giza, Cairo, Egypt.

Background and Aim: Global efforts are continuing to develop preparations against cryptosporidiosis. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of biosynthesized Ulva fasciata loading Cinnamomum camphora oil extract on new zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs shorten to ZnNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as alternative treatments for Cryptosporidium parvum experimental infection in rats.

Materials and Methods: Oil extract was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, loaded by U. fasciata on ionic-based ZnO and NPs, and then characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Biosafety and toxicity were investigated by skin tests. A total of 105 C. parvum oocysts/rat were used (n = 81, 2–3 W, 80–120 g, 9 male rats/group). Oocysts shedding was counted for 21 d. Doses of each preparation in addition to reference drug were administered daily for 7 d, starting on post-infection (PI) day (3). Nitazoxanide (100 mg) was used as the reference drug. After 3 weeks, the rats were sacrificed for postmortem examination and histopathological examination. Two blood samples/rat/group were collected on the 21st day. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples were also used for analysis of biochemistry, hematology, immunology, micronucleus prevalence, and chromosomal abnormalities.

Results: C. camphora leaves yielded 28.5 ± 0.3 g/kg oil and 20 phycocompounds were identified. Spherical and rod-shaped particles were detected at 10.47–30.98 nm and 18.83–38.39 nm, respectively. ZnNPs showed the earliest anti-cryptosporidiosis effect during 7–17 d PI. Other hematological, biochemical, immunological, histological, and genotoxicity parameters were significantly fruitful; hence, normalized pathological changes induced by infestation were observed in the NPs treatments groups against the infestation-free and Nitazoxanide treated group.

Conclusion: C. camphora, U. fasciata, ZnNPs, and AgNPs have refluxed the pathological effects of infection as well as positively improved host physiological condition by its anticryptosporidial immunostimulant regenerative effects with sufficient ecofriendly properties to be proposed as an alternative to traditional drugs, especially in individuals with medical reactions against chemical commercial drugs. Keywords: blood biomarkers, Cinnamomum camphora, Cryptosporidium parvum, cytokines, Egypt, genotoxicity, green nanoparticles, rats, Ulva fasciata.

Keywords: blood biomarkers, Cinnamomum camphora, Cryptosporidium parvum, cytokines, Egypt, genotoxicity, green nanoparticles, rats, Ulva fasciata.

How to cite this article: Allam NAT, Hamouda RAE, Sedky D, Abdelsalam ME, El-Gawad MEH, Hassan NMF, Aboelsoued D, Elmaaty AMA, Ibrahim MA, Taie HAA, Hakim AS, Desouky HM, Abdel Megeed KN, and Abdel-Hamid MS (2024) Medical prospects of cryptosporidiosis in vivo control using biofabricated nanoparticles loaded with Cinnamomum camphora extracts by Ulva fasciata, Veterinary World, 17(1): 108-124.

Received: 13-08-2023 Accepted: 28-11-2023 Published online: 18-01-2024

Corresponding author: Nesreen Allam Tantawy Allam E-mail:

DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.108-124

Copyright: Allam NAT, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.