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Optimizing formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine combinations for inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus GR12: insights from Indonesia’s third outbreak for local vaccine development

This study aimed to determine the optimal FA-BEI concentration and incubation time for inactivating the FMD virus (FMDV) Gresik sample no.12 (GR12) strain, isolated during the third outbreak in Gresik, East Java.

Protein characterization of an Indonesian isolate of foot and mouth disease virus inactivated with formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine

The efficacy of binary ethylenimine-inactivated vaccines of Gianyar-1/AK/2014 virulent strain in protecting chickens against Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 virulent Newcastle disease virus isolates

This study aimed to prepare binary ethylenimine (BEI)-inactivated virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine and to examine their ability to induce a protective antibody response in commercial chickens

Application of equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine inactivated by both formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine in equine

The efficacy, safety, and duration of immunity of the prepared inactivated EHV-1 vaccine were evaluated