Open Access
Research
(Published
online: 12-02-2017)
6.
Extraction of chitosan and its
oligomers from shrimp shell waste, their characterization and
antimicrobial effect -
Tarun Kumar Varun, Swaraj Senani,
Natasha Jayapal,
Jayaram Chikkerur, Sohini Roy,
Vijay Bhasker Tekulapally, Mayank Gautam,
and Narender Kumar
Veterinary World, 10(2): 170-175
doi:
10.14202/vetworld.2017.170-175
Tarun Kumar Varun :
Department of
Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal,
Haryana, India.
Swaraj Senani :
Department of
Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and
Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Natasha Jayapal :
Department of
Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and
Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Jayaram Chikkerur :
Department of
Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and
Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Sohini Roy :
Department of
Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and
Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Vijay Bhasker Tekulapally :
ICAR-Indian
Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh,
India.
Mayank Gautam :
Department of
Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal,
Haryana, India.
Narender Kumar :
ICAR-Indian
Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh,
India.
Received: 21-07-2016, Accepted: 31-12-2016, Published online:
12-02-2017
Corresponding author:
Tarun Kumar Varun,
e-mail: dr.tkvarun@gmail.com
Citation:
Varun TK, Senani S, Jayapal N, Chikkerur J, Roy S, Tekulapally VB,
Gautam M, Kumar N (2017) Extraction of chitosan and its oligomers
from shrimp shell waste, their characterization and antimicrobial
effect, Veterinary World, 10(2): 170-175.
Abstract
Aim:
The present
study was performed to utilize the shrimp shell waste for chitin
and chitosan production, characterization by Fourier transform
infrared (FT-IR) technique and to evaluate the antimicrobial
effects of chitosan oligomers produced by depolymerization of
chitosan by nitrous acid.
Materials and
Methods:
Chitosan was
extracted from the shrimp shell waste by the chemical method and
characterized by FT-IR. Chitooligomers were produced by
depolymerising chitosan using nitrous acid, and the chitooligomers
were tested for antimicrobial effect against four gut pathogenic
organisms, i.e., Enterobacter aerogen (National Collection
of Dairy Culture [NCDC] 106), Enterococcus faecalis (NCDC
119), Escherichia coli (NCDC 134), and Staphylococcus
aureus (NCDC 109) by well diffusion method using Muller-Hinton
agar. A pure culture of pathogenic organisms was collected from
NCDC, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal.
Results:
Extracted
chitosan characterized by FT-IR and chitooligomers demonstrated
antimicrobial effect against four gut pathogenic organisms used in
this study. Zone of inhibitions (mm) were observed in E.
faecalis (13±0.20), E. coli (11.5±0.4), S. aureus
(10.7±0.2), and E. aerogen (10.7±0.3). E. faecalis
showed larger inhibition zone as compared to all other
organisms and inhibitions zones of E. aerogen and S.
aureus were comparable to each other.
Conclusion:
Shrimp
waste can be utilized for chitosan production, and the
chitooligomers can be used as feed additive for gut health
enhancement and have potential to replace antibiotics from the
feed. Along with value addition pollutant load could be reduced by
waste utilization.
Keywords:
chitin, chitooligomers, chitosan, Fourier transform infrared,
shrimp waste.
References
|
1. CMFRI.
(2015) Annual Report 2014-15. Central Marine Fisheries
Research Institute, Cochin. p353. |
|
|
2. Je, J.Y.
and Kim, S.K. (2006) Antimicrobial action of novel chitin
derivative. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1760(1): 104-109.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.09.012
PMid:16271284 |
|
|
3. Costa,
E.M., Silva, S., Pina, C., Tavaria, F.K. and Pintado, M.M.
(2012) Evaluation and insights into chitosan anti microbial
activity against anaerobic oral pathogens. Anaerobe, 18(3):
305-309.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.04.009
PMid:22561525 |
|
|
|
4. Ramirez,
M.A., Rodriguez, A.T., Alfonso, L. and Peniche, C. (2010)
Chitin and its derivatives as biopolymers with potential
agricultural applications. Biotechnol. Appl., 27: 270-276. |
|
|
5. Kumirska,
J., Weinhold, M.X., Thöming, J. and Stepnowski, P. (2011)
Biomedical activity of chitin/chitosan based
materials—Influence of physicochemical properties apart from
molecular weight and degree of N-acetylation. Polymers, 3:
1875-1901.
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym3041875 |
|
|
6. Raafat,
D. and Sahl, H.G. (2009) Chitosan and its antimicrobial
potential - A critical literature survey. Microb. Biotechnol.,
2(2): 186-201.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00080.x
PMid:21261913 PMCid:PMC3815839 |
|
|
|
7.
Sathiadhas, R. and Aswathy, N. (2004) Techno-economic analysis
of production and marketing of marine by-products in India. J.
Indian Fish. Assoc., 31: 155-165. |
|
|
8. Younes,
I. and Rinaudo, M. (2015) Chitin and chitosan preparation from
marine sources. Structure, properties and applications. Mar.
Drugs, 13(3): 1133-1174.
https://doi.org/10.3390/md13031133
PMid:25738328 PMCid:PMC4377977 |
|
|
9. Yang, E.J.,
Kim, J.G., Kim, J.Y., Kim, S. and Lee, N. (2010)
Anti-inflammatory effect of chitosan oligosaccharides in RAW
264.7 cells. Cent. Eur. J. Biol., 5(1): 95-102.
https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-009-0066-5 |
|
|
10. Choi,
C.R., Kim, E.K., Kim, Y.S., Je, J.Y., An, S.H., Lee, J.D.,
Wang, J.H., Ki, S.S., Jeon, B.T., Moon, S.H. and Park, P.J.
(2012) Chitooligosaccharides decreases plasma lipid levels in
healthy men. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 63(1): 103-106.
https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2011.602051
PMid:21781022 |
|
|
11. Jan,
S.S., Liu, D.D., Dong, X.Y., Hu, Y.M. and Chen, J.D. (2012)
Effects of chitosan and its derivative added to water on
immunological enhancement and disease control. Immunotherapy,
4(7): 697-701.
https://doi.org/10.2217/imt.12.68
PMid:22853756 |
|
|
12. Xu, W.,
Jiang, C., Kong, X., Liang, Y., Rong, M. and Liu, W. (2012)
Chitooligosaccharides and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine stimulate
peripheral blood mononuclear cell mediated antitumor immune
responses. Mol. Med. Rep., 6(2): 385-390.
PMid:22614871 |
|
|
13.
Pangestuti, R. and Kim, S.K. (2010) Neuroprotective properties
of chitosan and its derivatives. Mar. Drugs, 8(7): 2117-2128.
https://doi.org/10.3390/md8072117
PMid:20714426 PMCid:PMC2920545 |
|
|
14. Park,
S.C., Nam, J.P., Kim, J.H., Kim, Y.M., Nah, J.W. and Jang, M.K.
(2015) Antimicrobial action of water-soluble β-chitosan
against clinical multi-drug resistant bacteria. Int. J. Mol.
Sci., 16(4): 7995-8007.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16047995
PMid:25867474 PMCid:PMC4425063 |
|
|
15. Hussain,
I., Singh, T. and Chittenden, C. (2012) Preparation of
chitosan oligomers and characterization: Their antifungal
activities and decay resistance. Holzforschung, 66(1):
119-125.
https://doi.org/10.1515/hf.2011.130 |
|
|
16.
Padmanabhan, A. and Nair, L.S. (2016) Chitosan hydrogels for
regenerative engineering. In. Dutta, P.K., editor. Chitin and
Chitosan for Regenerative Medicine. Springers, New Delhi.
p3-40.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2511-9_1 |
|
|
17. Mano,
J.F., Hugerford, G. and Ribelles, J.L.G. (2008) Bioactive poly
(l-lactic acid)-chitosan hybrid scaffolds. Mater. Sci. Eng. C,
28(8): 1356-1365.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2008.03.005 |
|
|
18. Defaye,
J., Gadelle, A. and Pedersen, C. (1994) A convenient access to
β-(1→4)-linked 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride
oligosaccharides and β-(1→4)-linked
2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosyl oligosaccharides by
fluorolysis and fluorohydrolysis of chitosan. Carbohydr. Res.,
261(2): 267-277.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(94)84023-7 |
|
|
19. Tian,
M., Chen, F., Ren, D., Yu, X., Zhang, X., Zhong, R. and Wan,
C. (2010) Preparation of a series of chitooligomers and their
effect on hepatocytes. Carbohydr. Polym., 79(1): 137-144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.07.039 |
|
|
20. Mourya,
V.K., Inamdar, N.N. and Choudhari, Y.M. (2011)
Chitooligosaccharides: synthesis, characterization and
applications. Polym. Sci. Ser. A, 53(7): 583-612.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965545X11070066 |
|
|
21. Liu, X.,
Yun, L., Dong, Z., Zhi, L. and Kang, D. (2001) Antibacterial
action of chitosan and carboxymethylated chitosan. J. Appl.
Polym. Sci., 79(7): 1324-1335.
https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4628(20010214)79:7<1324::AID-APP210>3.0.CO;2-L |
|
|
|
22. AOAC.
(1990) Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Association of
Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA. |
|
|
23.
Benhabiles, M.S., Salah, R., Lounici, H., Drouiche, N., Goosen,
M.F.A. and Mameri, N. (2012) Antibacterial activity of chitin,
chitosan and its oligomers prepared from shrimp shell waste.
Food hydr., 29(1): 48-56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.02.013 |
|
|
|
24.
Abdulkarim, A., Isa, M.T., Abdulsalam, S., Muhammad, A.J. and
Ameh, A.O. (2013) Extraction and characterisation of chitin
and chitosan from mussel shell. Civ. Environ. Res., 3(2):
108-114. |
|
|
|
25. Isa, M.T.,
Ameh, A.J., Gabreil, J.O. and Adama, K.K. (2012) Extraction
and characterization of chitin from Nigeria sources. Leonardo
Electron. J. Pract. Technol., 21: 73-81. |
|
|
26.
Brugnerotto, J., Lizardi, J., Goycoolea, F.M., Argüelles-Monal,
W., Desbrieres, J. and Rinaudo, M. (2001) An infrared
investigation in relation with chitin and chitosan
characterization. Polymer, 42(8): 3569-3580.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00713-8 |
|
|
27. Zakaria,
Z., Izzah, Z., Jawaid, M. and Hassan, A. (2012) Effect of
degree of deacetylation of chitosan on thermal stability and
compatibility of chitosan-polyamide blend. Bioresources, 7(4):
5568-5580.
https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.7.4.5568-5580 |
|
|
28.
Fernandes, J.C., Tavaria, F.K., Soares, J.C., Ramos, O.S.,
Monterio, M.J., Pintado, M.E. and Malcata, F.X. (2008)
Antimicrobial effects of chitosans and chitooligosaccharides,
upon Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, in food model
systems. Food Microbiol., 25(7): 922-928.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2008.05.003
PMid:18721683 |
|
|
29. Šimůnek,
J., Koppová, I., Filip, L., Tishchenko, G. and BeŁżecki, G.
(2010) The antimicrobial action of low-molar-mass chitosan,
chitosan derivatives and chitooligosaccharides on
bifidobacteria. Folia Microbiol., 55(4): 379-382.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-010-0063-0
PMid:20680576 |
|
|
30.
Shanmugama, A., Kathiresan, K. and Nayak, L. (2016)
Preparation, characterization and antibacterial activity of
chitosan and phosphorylated chitosan from cuttlebone of Sepia
kobiensis (Hoyle, 1885). Biotechnol. Rep., 9: 25-30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2015.10.007 |
|
