Open Access
Review
(Published
online: 23-01-2017)
14.
Social engineering of societal knowledge in
livestock science: Can we be more empathetic? -
R. K. Ravikumar, Devesh Thakur, Hardev Choudhary, Vivek Kumar,
Amol S. Kinhekar, Tushar Garg, K. Ponnusamy, G. R. Bhojne, Vasanth
M. Shetty and Vipin Kumar
Veterinary World, 10(1): 86-91
doi:
10.14202/vetworld.2017.86-91
R. K. Ravikumar:
National Innovation Foundation-India, Satellite Complex,
Ahmedabad 380 015, Gujarat, India.
Devesh Thakur:
Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education,
Dr. GC Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur - 176 062,
Himachal Pradesh, India.
Hardev Choudhary:
National Innovation Foundation-India, Satellite Complex, Ahmedabad
380 015, Gujarat, India.
Vivek Kumar:
National Innovation Foundation-India, Satellite Complex, Ahmedabad
380 015, Gujarat, India.
Amol S. Kinhekar:
National Innovation Foundation-India, Satellite Complex, Ahmedabad
380 015, Gujarat, India.
Tushar Garg:
National Innovation Foundation-India, Satellite Complex, Ahmedabad
380 015, Gujarat, India.
K. Ponnusamy:
Division of Dairy Extension, ICAR- National Dairy Research
Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India.
G. R. Bhojne:
Department of Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Nagpur
Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal & Fishery Sciences
University, Nagpur - 440 001, Maharashtra, India.
Vasanth M. Shetty:
Dean, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and
Fisheries Sciences University, Hassan - 573 202, Karnataka, India.
Vipin Kumar:
National Innovation Foundation-India, Satellite Complex, Ahmedabad
380 015, Gujarat, India.
Received: 18-10-2016, Accepted: 09-12-2016, Published online:
23-01-2017
Corresponding author:
R. K. Ravikumar, e-mail: ravikumar@nifindia.org
Citation:
Ravikumar RK, Thakur D, Choudhary H, Kumar V, Kinhekar AS, Garg T,
Ponnusamy K, Bhojne GR, Shetty VM, Kumar V (2017) Social
engineering of societal knowledge in livestock science: Can we be
more empathetic?
Veterinary World, 10(1): 86-91.
Abstract
Questions are raised in effective utilization of farmer’s wisdom
by communities in their farming. Planners support to livelihood
emphasize mostly of inputs from outside and not setting up
sustainable goals. Formal institutions and planners of program are
finding constraints and sceptical in wider dissemination of
indigenous knowledge research system (IKRS). This is in spite of
evidence that considerable number of farmer’s in livestock sector
depends on IKRS. In this context, it is pertinent to showcase
dissemination potential of these knowledge system(s) in larger
geographical areas. The review illustrates different challenges
encountered while control of livestock ailments like ectoparasite
infestation through IKRS. Several times, it was opinioned to
provide or share IKRS to thwart ailments in a specific region.
This is interesting as it was narrated how formal system is unable
to recognize farmer’s problem and challenges in integrating these
sustainable practices. It has to be noted that disseminating
activities seldom takes into account the experimental potential of
farmers. This review paper articulates various evidences generated
in enhancing diffusion thereby dissemination of IKRS. The nature
of support extended by IKRS in entrepreneurial activity of
smallholder farming units did not get adequate recognition. There
needs to be minimum standard protocol in deriving benefit from
such low-cost alternative technologies. This will enrich
incremental innovation activities as per location specific need
and provide scope for wider dissemination.
Keywords:
health, indigenous knowledge, innovation, institution, livestock,
technology.
References
1. Abate, G.T., Rashid, S., Borzaga, C. and Getnet, K. (2016)
Rural finance and agricultural technology adoption in
Ethiopia: Does the institutional design of lending
organizations matter? World Dev., 84: 235-253.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.03.003 |
|
|
2. Grabowski, P.P., Kerr, J.M., Haggblade, S. and Kabwe, S.
(2016) Determinants of adoption and disadoption of minimum
tillage by cotton farmers in eastern Zambia. Agric. Ecosyst.
Environ., 231: 54-67.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.027 |
|
|
3. Bensch, G., Grimm, M. and Peters, J. (2015) Why do
households forego high returns from technology adoption?
Evidence from improved cooking stoves in Burkina Faso. J.
Econ. Behav. Organ., 116: 187-205.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.04.023 |
|
|
4. Ibrahim, M.A.R., Dorina, M. and Abdelrazek, I. (2014) How
rural agricultural development projects (animal production)
can use projects benefits for improving the economics states
of farmers. Procedia Econ. Finance, 8: 484-489.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00117-8 |
|
|
5. Cock, J., Oberthür, T., Isaacs, C., Läderach, P.R., Palma,
A., Carbonell, J., Victoria, J., Watts, G., Amaya, A., Collet,
L., Lema, G. and Anderson, E. (2011) Crop management based on
field observations: Case studies in sugarcane and coffee.
Agric. Syst., 104(9): 755-769.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2011.07.001 |
|
|
6. Hauser, M., Lindtner, M., Prehsler, S. and Probst, L.
(2016) Farmer participatory research: Why extension workers
should understand and facilitate farmers role transitions. J.
Rural Stud., 47(A): 52-61.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.007 |
|
|
|
7. Birhanu, M.Y., Girma, A. and Puskur, R. (2016) Determinants
of success and intensity of livestock feed technologies use in
Ethiopia: Evidence from a positive deviance perspective.
Technol. Forecast Soc. Change, In Press. (23 September 2016).
Available from: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.09.010. |
|
|
8. Magnan, N., Spielman, D.J., Lybbert, T.J. and Gulati, K.
(2015) Leveling with friends: Social networks and Indian
farmers demand for a technology with heterogeneous benefits.
J. Dev. Econ., 116: 223-251.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.05.003 |
|
|
|
9. Sharma, P., Ponnusamy, K. and Kale, R.B. (2014) Study on
behavioural changes among women SHGs and their impact on
adoption of scientific practices in dairying. Indian J. Anim.
Res., 46(6): 855-859. |
|
|
10. Ponnusamy, K., Kale, R.B., Ravi, K.N., Arulmozhi, D.M.C.
and Sharma, P. (2015) Cross-regional analysis on usage of
indigenous technical knowledge in dairy farming. Indian J.
Anim. Res. DOI: 10.18805/ijar.8599.
https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.8599 |
|
|
11. Devgania, B.S., Khordia, D., Chodvadiya, M.B., Patel, R.,
Patel, D., Kinhekar, A.S., Singh, P.K., Kumar, V., Bhojne, G.R.,
Ravikumar, R.K. and Kumar, V. (2015) Reverence of community
towards grassroot livestock innovation: Responding to
stakeholders need against sub-clinical mastitis in Amreli
District, Gujarat, India. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 3(12):
689-693.
https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.12.689.693 |
|
|
|
12. Raot, U.S., Parmar, M., Patel, P., Patel, R., Gogoi, D.M.,
Patel, J., Sivapregasam, V., Kumar, V., Ravikumar, R.K. and
Kumar, V. (2016) Value addition of novel herbal livestock
medication mastiherb in treatment of mastitis sustained by
creative communities from the regions of Dang, Gujarat. Int.
J. Bioresour. Stress Manage., 7(3): 501-507. |
|
|
|
13. Chander, M., Dutt, T., Ravikumar, R.K. and
Subrahmanyeswari, B. (2010) Livestock technology transfer
service in India: A review. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 80(11):
1115-1125. |
|
|
14. Fitzpatrick, J.L. (2013) Global food security: The impact
of veterinary parasites and parasitologists. Vet. Parasitol.,
195(3-4): 233-248.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.005
PMid:23622818 |
|
|
15. Ndyabawe, K. and Kisaalita, W.S. (2014) Diffusion of an
evaporative cooler innovation among smallholder dairy farmers
of Western Uganda. Technol. Soc., 38: 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2013.12.006 |
|
|
|
16. Rangnekar, D.V. (2006) Livestock in the Livelihoods of the
Underprivileged Communities in India: A Review. International
Livestock Research Institute Nairobi, Kenya. p72. |
|
|
|
17. Gupta, A.K. (2016) Grassroots Innovation: Minds on the
Margin Are Not Marginal Minds. Penguin Books India Pvt., Ltd.,
Gurgaon, Haryana, India. p1-54, 103-147. |
|
|
18. Warren, C.R., Burton, R., Buchanan, O. and Birnie, R.V.
(2016) Limited adoption of short rotation coppice: The role of
farmers socio-cultural identity in influencing practice. J.
Rural Stud., 45: 175-183.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.03.017 |
|
|
19. Zander, K.K., Mwacharo, J.M., Drucker, A.G. and Garnett,
S.T. (2013) Constraints to effective adoption of innovative
livestock production technologies in the Rift Valley (Kenya).
J. Arid Environ., 96: 9-18.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2013.03.017 |
|
|
20. Huang, Z.H., Wu, B., Xu, Z.C. and Liang, Q. (2016)
Situation features and governance structure of farmer
cooperatives in China: Does initial situation matter? Soc. Sci.
J., 53(1): 100-110.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2015.09.003 |
|
|
|
21. Rathore, O., Rathore, G., Patel, C., Kinhekar, A.S.,
Mangwani, N., Kumar, V., Ravikumar, R.K. and Kumar, V. (2016)
Clinical evaluation of an indigenous practice against
subclinical mastitis. Rumin. Sci., 5(1): 95-98. |
|
|
22. Sungirai, M., Moyo, D.Z., Clercq, P.D. and Madder, M.
(2016) Communal farmers perceptions of tick-borne diseases
affecting cattle and investigation of tick control methods
practiced in Zimbabwe. Ticks Tick Borne Dis., 7(1): 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.07.015
PMid:26234572 |
|
|
|
23. Ponnusamy, K., Gupta, J. and Nagarajan, R. (2009)
Indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) in dairy enterprise in
coastal Tamil Nadu. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl., 8(2): 206-211. |
|
|
24. Marzban, S., Allahyari, M.S. and Damalas, C.A. (2016)
Exploring farmers orientation towards multifunctional
agriculture: Insights from northern Iran. Land Use Policy, 59:
121-129.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.08.020 |
|
|
25. Velde, F.V., Claerebout, E., Cauberghe, V., Hudders, L.,
Van Loo, H., Vercruysse, J. and Charlier, J. (2015) Diagnosis
before treatment: Identifying dairy farmers determinants for
the adoption of sustainable practices in gastrointestinal
nematode control. Vet. Parasitol., 212(3-4): 308-317.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.013
PMid:26238655 |
|
|
|
26. Ponnusamy, K. and Ambasankar, K. (2006) Technological
interventions for socio-economic enrichment of dairy farmers.
Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59(1): 33-36. |
|
|
27. de Loë, R.C., Murray, D. and Simpson, H.C. (2015) Farmer
perspectives on collaborative approaches to governance for
water. J. Rural Stud., 42: 191-205.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.10.005 |
|
|
28. Ton, G., Klerkx, L., Grip, K.D. and Rau, M.L. (2015)
Innovation grants to smallholder farmers: Revisiting the key
assumptions in the impact pathways. Food Policy, 51: 9-23.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.11.002 |
|
|
29. Schindler, J., Graef, F. and König, H.J. (2016)
Participatory impact assessment: Bridging the gap between
scientists theory and farmers practice. Agric. Syst., 148:
38-43.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.07.002 |
|
|
30. Bellotti, B. and Rochecouste, J.F. (2014) The development
of conservation agriculture in australia-farmers as
innovators. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res., 2(1): 21-34.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-6339(15)30011-3 |
|
|
31. Dolinska, A. and D'aquino, P. (2016) Farmers as agents in
innovation systems. Empowering farmers for innovation through
communities of practice. Agric. Syst., 142: 122-130.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2015.11.009 |
|
|
32. Roling, N. (2009) Pathways for impact: Scientists
different perspectives on agricultural innovation. Int. Agric.
Sustain., 7(2): 83-94.
https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2009.0043 |
|
|
33. Thirunavukkarasu, D. and Narmatha, N. (2016) Lab to
land-factors driving adoption of dairy farming innovations
among Indian farmers. Curr. Sci., 111(7): 1231-1234.
https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v111/i7/1231-1234 |
|
|
34. Baldwin, C.Y. (2012) Organization Design for Distributed
Innovation, Working Paper, 12-100, Harvard Business School.
Available from: http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/12-100.pdf.
Accessed on 13-10-2016.
| |
35. Sawhney, M. and Prandelli, E. (2000) Communities of
creation: Managing distributed innovation in turbulent
markets. Calif. Manage. Rev., 42(4): 24-54.
https://doi.org/10.2307/41166052 |
|
|
36. Lakhani, K.R. and Panetta, J.A. (2007) The principles
of distributed innovation. Innov. Technol. Gov. Glob.,
2(3): 97-112.
https://doi.org/10.1162/itgg.2007.2.3.97 |
|
|
|
37. Bhikane, A.U., Hase, P.B., Syed, A.M., Ghoke, S.S.,
Devangare, A.A. and Awandkar, S.P. (2011) Efficacy of
herbomineral formulation in subclinical mastitis in
crossbred cows. Indian Vet. J., 88(10): 171-172. |
|
|
38. Siegmund-Schultze, M., Lange, F., Schneiderat, U. and
Steinbach, J. (2012) Performance, management and
objectives of cattle farming on communal ranges in
Namibia. J. Arid Environ., 80: 65-73.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.11.033 |
|
|
39. Rich, K.M. and Perry, B.D. (2011) The economic and
poverty impacts of animal diseases in developing
countries: New roles, new demands for economics and
epidemiology. Prev. Vet. Med., 101: 133-147.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.08.002 |
|
|
40. Raza, M.A., Younas, M., Buerkert, A. and Schlecht, E.
(2014) Ethno-botanical remedies used by pastoralists for
the treatment of livestock diseases in Cholistan desert,
Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol., 151(1): 333-342.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.049
PMid:24184263 |
|
|
|
41. Joshi, D.D. (1991) Traditional Veterinary Medicine in
Nepal, Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia
and the Pacific (APHCA) Information Exchange Unit, No. 10.
FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok,
Thailand. |
|
|
42. Ghorai, S., Ghorai, N., Dutta, L., Bera, A., Ghorui,
S., Kinhekar, A.S., Ingle, V.C., Sonkusale, P., Awandkar,
S.P., Tembhurne, P.A., Kumar, V., Ravikumar, R.K. and
Kumar, V. (2016) Protective and immuno-modulatory effect
of low cost locally available technology from West Bengal,
India under indigenous knowledge research system. J.
Immunol. Immunopathol., 18(1): 19-23.
https://doi.org/10.5958/0973-9149.2016.00003.4 |
|
|
43. Beynon, S.A. (2012) Potential environmental
consequences of administration of ectoparasiticides to
sheep. Vet. Parasitol., 189(1): 125-135.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.041
PMid:22538092 |
|
|
44. Taylor, M.A. (2013) Parasite control in sheep: A risky
business. Small Rumin. Res., 110(2-3): 88-92.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.11.010 |
|
|
|
45. Kadivendi, M., Maheswari, R., Ravikumar, R.K., Chauhan,
M.M., Kinhekar, A.S., Kumar, V. and Kumar, V. (2015)
Integrated approach for engaging farming community -
Opportunities and challenges for low cost inputs. Int. J.
Agric. Innov. Res., 3(6): 1691-1695. |
|
|
|
46. Thakur, D., Sharma, A.K., Ravikumar, R.K. and Kumar,
V. (2016) Benefit to end users: Appraisal of extending
technology at farm fields from regions of Himachal
Pradesh, India. J. Exp. Biol. Agric. Sci., 4(Spl 2-SSPN):
1-8. |
|
|
|
47. Kumar, V. and Ravikumar, R.K. (2016) Realistic
aspiration for livestock health care through indigenous
veterinary system in India, Dairy of India, 216-17, Sadana
Publishers & Distributors, Ghaziabad, India. p162-164. |
|
|
|
48. Ravikumar, R.K., Kinhekar, A.S., Ingle, V.C.,
Sonkusale, P., Awandkar, S.P., Tembhurne, P.A. and Kumar,
V. (2016) Effect of heat stress on haematological and
immunological parameters in broiler chicken. Indian J.
Vet. Sci. Biotechnol., 11(3): 40-42. |
|
|
49. Munda, S., Pandey, R., Bhojne, G.R., Dakshinkar, N.P.,
Kinhekar, A.S., Kumar, V., Ravikumar, R.K. and Kumar, V.
(2016) Indigenous knowledge research system [IKRS] for
treatment of bloat and its significance towards greenhouse
gas emission: Jharkhand, India. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.,
4(5): 241-249.
https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2016/4.5.241.249 |
|
|
|
50. Ravikumar, R.K., Petharajanna, B., Govindan, N.,
Vivekanandan, P., Alagumalai, V., Subramanium, Y., Patel,
J., Patel, H., Hariharan, M., Kumar, V. and Kumar, V.
(2016) Science, society and humanity in mainstreaming
indigenous knowledge research system (IKRS) from southern
regions of India: An evidence for honey bee network (HBN)
philosophy. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 4(1s): 20-31. |
|
|
51. Ravikumar, R.K., Kumar, V., Khuman, L.Y., Kinhekar,
A.S., Thakur, D. and Kumar, V. (2016) Integrating
indigenous knowledge research system (IKRS) and/with
livestock health intervention program to complement
natural resource conservation. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.,
4(1s): 32-42.
https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2016/4.1s.32.42 |
|
|
|
52. Choudhary, H., Ravikumar, R.K. and Kumar, V. (2016)
Assessing behaviour of farmers in linking to village
institution: Dairy society's perspective from semiarid
regions, Gujarat, India. J. Exp. Biol. Agric. Sci., 4(Spl
2-SSPN): 9-16. |
|
|
53. Simula, H., Hossain, M. and Halme, M. (2015) Frugal
and reverse innovations - Quo Vadis? Curr. Sci., 109(9):
1567-1572.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2678861 |
|
|
54. Swaans, K., Boogaard, B., Bendapudi, R., Taye, H.,
Hendrickx, S. and Klerkx, L. (2014) Operationalizing
inclusive innovation: Lessons from innovation platforms in
livestock value chains in India and Mozambique. Innov.
Dev., 4(2): 239-257.
https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2014.925246 |
|
|
55. Singh, J., Gupta, S.K., Singh, R. and Hussain, S.A.
(2014) Etiology and haemato-biochemical alterations in
cattle of Jammu suffering from anaemia. Vet. World, 7(2):
49-51.
https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2014.49-51 |
|
|
56. Wall, R. (2007) Ectoparasites: Future challenges in a
changing world. Vet. Parasitol., 148: 62-74.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.05.011
PMid:17560724 |
|
|
|
57. Ravikumar, R.K., Kumar, V., Choudhary, H., Kinhekar,
A.S. and Kumar, V. (2015) Efficacy of indigenous
polyherbal ectoparasiticide formulation against hard tick
infestation in cattle (Bos indicus). Rumin. Sci., 4(1):
43-47. |
|
|
|
58. Ravikumar, R.K. and Kumar, V. (2015) New frontiers for
indigenous knowledge research system [IKRS]: Non linear
innovation system [NLIS] and open source innovation system
[OSIS]. In: Singh, J., Verma, H.K., Singh, N., Singh, S.
and Kasrija, R., editors. Lead Paper: Technologies and
Proven Practices for Sustainable Livestock Production,
Push to the Livestock Farming through Knowledge
Empowerment of the Farmers, First National Conference,
SVAHE, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University [GADVASU], Ludhiana, India, 18-20 November.
p239-242. |
|
|
|
59. Athilakshmy, S. and Rao, S.V.N. (2013) Rearing of day
old Swarnadhara chicks by farmers in Karaikal - Evidence
from an action research project. Indian J. Poult. Sci.,
48: 209-214. |
|
|
|
60. Hagmann, J., Chuma, E., Connolly, M. and Murwira, K.
(1998) Agricultural Extension: An action Learning
Experience from Zimbabwe, Network Paper, 78. Agricultural
Research and Extension Network. p1-13. |
|
|
|
61. Kumar, V. and Ravikumar, R.K. (2016) Indigenous
innovations in livestock production systems: NIF
initiatives, In: Reddy, S.K., Prasad, R.M.V., Rao, A.K.,
editors. Invited Papers: Innovative Designs and Implements
for Global Environment and Entrepreneurial Needs
Optimizing Utilitarian Sources, Indigenous, International
Livestock Conference and Expo, 23rd Annual Convention,
ISAPM, Hyderabad, India, 28-31 January. p28-35. |
|
|
|
62. Dhamale, M., Mahajan, A., Kinhekar, A.S., Rajurkar,
G., Ravikumar, R.K., Ksheersagar, V.H. and Kumar, V.
(2016) Reviving technology demonstration in farmers field
- An appraisal. J. Exp. Biol. Agric. Sci., 4(Spl 2-SSPN):
39-47. |
|
|
63. Andreopoulou, Z., Tsekouropoulos, G., Theodoridis, A.,
Samathrakis, V. and Batzios, C. (2014) Consulting for
sustainable development, information technologies
adoption, marketing and entrepreneurship issues in
livestock farms. Procedia. Econ. Finance, 9: 302-309.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00031-8 |
|
|
64. Koschorreck, J., Koch, C. and Rönnefahrt, I. (2002)
Environmental risk assessment of veterinary medicinal
products in the EU-a regulatory perspective. Toxicol. Lett.,
131(1-2): 117-124.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00047-4 |
|
|
65. Yadav, V. and Goyal, P. (2015) User innovation and
entrepreneurship: Case studies from rural India. J. Innov.
Entrep., 4(5). DOI: 10.1186/s13731-015-0018-4.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-015-0018-4 |
|
|
66. Ayele, S., Duncan, A., Larbi, A. and Khanh, T.T.
(2012) Enhancing innovation in livestock value chains
through networks: Lessons from fodder innovation case
studies in developing countries. Sci. Public Policy,
39(3): 333-346.
https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs022 |
|
|
67. Ravikumar, R.K., Periyaveeturaman, C., Selvaraju, D.,
Kinhekar, A.S., Dutta, L. and Kumar, V. (2016) Community
oriented ectoparasite intervention system: Concepts for
on-farm application of indigenous veterinary medication.
Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 4(1s): 9-19.
https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2016/4.1s.9.19 |
|
|
68. Elmgren, L., Li, X., Wilson, C., Ball, R., Wang, J.,
Cichutek, K., Pfleiderer, M., Kato, A., Cavaleri, M.,
Southern, J., Jivapaisarnpong, T., Minor, P., Griffiths,
E., Sohn, Y. and Wood, D. (2013) A global regulatory
science agenda for vaccines. Vaccine, 31(2): B163-B175.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.117 |
|
|
69. Fan, T.P., Deal, G., Koo, H.L., Rees, D., Sun, H.,
Chen, S., Dou, J.H., Makarov, V.G., Pozharitskaya, O.N.,
Shikov, A.N., Kim, Y.S., Huang, Y.T., Chang, Y.S., Jia,
W., Dias, A., Wong, V.C. and Chan, K. (2012) Future
development of global regulations of Chinese herbal
products. J. Ethnopharmacol., 140(3): 568-586.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.02.029
PMid:22373513 |
|
|
70. Knoss, W. (2015) Harmonization of regulatory
requirements in Europe to ensure quality, safety and
efficacy of herbal medicinal products. Evidence-Based
Validation of Herbal Medicine. Ch. 9. Amsterdam, Boston:
Elsevier. p201-216.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800874-4.00009-X |
|
|
