Open Access
Research (Published online: 22-03-2021)
21. Determination of residues of pesticides, anabolic steroids, antibiotics, and antibacterial compounds in meat products in Oman by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Issa Al-Amri, Isam T. Kadim, Abdulaziz AlKindi, Ahmed Hamaed, Rabea Al-Magbali, Samera Khalaf, Khdija Al-Hosni and Fazal Mabood
Veterinary World, 14(3): 709-720

Issa Al-Amri: Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, PC 616, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
Isam T. Kadim: Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, PC 616, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
Abdulaziz AlKindi: Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, PC 616, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
Ahmed Hamaed: Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, PC 616, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
Rabea Al-Magbali: Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
Samera Khalaf: Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, PC 616, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
Khdija Al-Hosni: Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, PC 616, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
Fazal Mabood: Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

doi: www.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.709-720

Share this article on [Facebook] [LinkedIn]

Article history: Received: 29-09-2020, Accepted: 05-02-2021, Published online: 22-03-2021

Corresponding author: Isam T. Kadim

E-mail: isam@unizwa.edu.om

Citation: Al-Amri I, Kadim IT, AlKindi A, Hamaed A, Al-Magbali R, Khalaf S, Al-Hosni K, Mabood F (2021) Determination of residues of pesticides, anabolic steroids, antibiotics, and antibacterial compounds in meat products in Oman by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Veterinary World, 14(3): 709-720.
Abstract

Background and Aim: Meat is a rich source of many nutrients and plays a vital role in human life however, meat safety is one of the top priorities of great concern for consumers today. More than 90% of human exposure to harmful materials is due to consumption of contaminated meat products. This study was designed to compare four valid analytical methods for the determination of organochlorine pesticides 2,4 D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene/ dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, alachlor, organophosphate, anabolic steroids (progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen), antibiotics (tetracycline, sulfonamides, gentamycin, and cephalexin), antibacterial compounds (Macrolide, β-Lactam, Chloramphenicol, Sulphur drugs, and Gentamicin) residues in 135 beef, buffalo, and sheep meat samples (fresh, frozen meats, minced, and sausage samples) of local, regional, and international brands available in Omani markets.

Materials and Methods: Triplicate meat samples from each brand within each species were extracted with acetonitrile and purified with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane to remove all impurities. To dry the sample after heating, the residue was passed across a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge for sample cleaning before gas chromatography (GC) (Brand GCMS-QP2010 Plus) coupled with different detectors, including a mass spectrometer or GC-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was also employed for the quantification of the residues in meat products. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were employed to assess veterinary drug residues, anabolic steroids, and pesticides. The CHARM II instrument was employed to detect chloramphenicol, gentamicin, sulfa-drug, β-lactam, and macrolide residues in meat and meat product samples.

Results: A thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method should be considered as another method of choice to determine concentrations of veterinary drugs and anabolic steroids. The TLC results were validated by LC-MS. The three described methods permit the multi-residue analysis of anabolic steroid residue levels of 0.06-1.89 ppb in meat product samples. There were three violative residues of anabolic steroids in red meat products that were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Although, the levels of organochlorine pesticides and antibiotic concentrations in meat products were below the MRLs, the long-term consumption is considered a health hazard and will affect the wellbeing of consumers.

Conclusion: The four techniques (GC, high-performance liquid chromatography, ELISA and CHARM II) provided results that were reliable and precise for the detection of chessssmical residues in meat and meat products.

Keywords: anabolic steroids, antibiotic, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, meat products, pesticides, residue.