Veterinary World

 

ISSN (Online): 2231-0916
 

 Home


 Editorial board


 Instructions for authors


 Reviewer guideline


 Open access policy


 Archives


 FAQ


 

Open Access

Copyright: The authors. This article is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.


Research (Published online : 01-10-2013)

6. Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in powdered infant and follow-up formulae in Egypt - Nagah Mohammed Saad, Wallaa Farouk Amin and Eman Mokhtar Shaker

Veterinary World, 6(11): 862-864




References


1. American Academy of Pediatrics (2013) Clostridium difficile Infection in Infants and Children. Committee on infectious diseases at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/131/1/196.full.html. Accessed on 25-06-2013.
 
2. Kuijper, E.J., Coignard, B. and Tull, P. (2006) Emergence of Clostridium difficile associated disease in North America and Europe. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12 (Suppl. 6): 2–18.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01580.x
PMid:16965399
 
3. Gerding, D.N. (1989) Diseases associated with Clostridium difficile infection. Ann. Intern. Med. 110: 255-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-110-4-255
PMid:2643913
 
4. Knoop, F.C., Owens, M and, Crocker, I.C. (1993) Clostridium difficile: Clinical disease and diagnosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 6 (3): 251-265.
PMid:8358706 PMCid:PMC358285
 
5. Giannasca, P.J. and Warny, M. (2004) Active and passive immunization against Clostridium difficile diarrhoea and colitis. Vaccine Journal. 22(7): 848–856.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.11.030
PMid:15040937
 
6. Kelly, C.P., Pothoulakis, C. and LaMont, J.T. (1994) Clostridium difficile colitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 330: 257–262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199401273300406
PMid:8043060
 
7. Rousseau, C., Poilane, I., Pontual, L.D., Maherault, A., Le Monnier, A., Collignon, A. (2012) Clostridium difficile carriage in healthy infants in the community: A potential reservoir for pathogenic strains. Clin. Infect. Dis. 10: 1093.
 
8. Collignon, A., Ticchi, L., Depitre, C., Gaudelus, J., Delmee, M. and Corthier, G. (1993) Heterogenecity of Clostridium difficile isolates from infants. Eur. J. Pediat. 152:319-322.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01956743
PMid:8482281
 
9. Cooperstock, M.S., Steffen, E., Yolken, R. and Onderdonk, A. (1982) Clostridium difficile in normal infants and sudden infant death syndrome: an association with infant formula feeding. Pediatrics 70 (1): 91-95.
PMid:7088640
 
10. Simango, C. (2006) Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in the environment in a rural community in Zimbabwe. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 100: 1146–1150.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.01.009
PMid:16698054
 
11. McFree, R.B. and Abdel Sayed, G.G. (2009) Clostridium difficile. Dis. Mon. 55 (7): 449-470.
 
12. Kim, J.W., Lee, K.L., Jeong, J.B., Kim, B.G., Shin, S. and Kim, J.S. (2010) Proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for recurrence of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. World J. Gastroenterol. 16 (28): 3573-3577.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v16.i28.3573
PMid:20653067 PMCid:PMC2909558
 
13. Rodriguez-Palacios. A., Staempfli, H.R., Duffield, T.and Weese, J.S. (2007) Clostridium difficile in retail ground meat, Canada. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13: 485–487.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1303.060988
PMid:17552108 PMCid:PMC2725909
 
14. Jöbstl, M., Heuberger, S., Indra, A., Nepf, R., Köfer, J., Wagner, M. (2010) Clostridium difficile in raw products of animal origin. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 138: 172-175.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.12.022
PMid:20079946
 
15. Indra, A., Lassnig, H., Baliko, N., Much, P., Fiedler, A., Huhulescu, S. and Allerberger, F. (2009) Clostridium difficile: a new zoonotic agent? Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 121: 91–95.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00508-008-1127-x
PMid:19280132
 
16. Planche, T., Aghaizu, A., Holliman, R., Riley, P., Poloniecki, J., Breathnach, A. and Krishna, S. (2008) Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection by toxin detection kits: a systematic review. The Lancet Infec. Dis. 8 (12): 777-784.
 
17. CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commision) (1981) Codex standard for infant formula and formulas for special medical purposes intended for infants. Codex Stan 72–1981, Section A. Available at: http://www.codexalimentarius.org/input/download/standards/288/CXS_072e.pdf. Accessed on 23- 06-2013.
 
18. CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commision) (1987) Codex standard for follow up formula. Codex Stan 156-1987. Available at: http://www.codexalimentarius.org/input/download/standards/293/CXS_156e-pdf. Accessed on 25- 06-2013.
 
19. McFarland, L.V. (2002) What`s lurking under the bed? Persistance and predominance of particular Clostridium difficile strains in a hospital and the potential role of environmental contamination. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 23: 639–640.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501986
PMid:12452289
 
20. Weese JS., Avery BP., Rousseau J., Reid-Smith RJ.(2009) Detection and enumeration of Clostridium difficile spores in retail beef and pork. Appl Environ Microbiol 75(15): 5009–5011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00480-09
PMid:19525267 PMCid:PMC2725490
 
21. Songer, I.G., Trinh, H.T., Killgore, G.E., Thompson, A.D., McDonald, I.G. and Limbago, B.M. (2009) Clostridium difficile in retail meat products, USA. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15(5) 819-821.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1505.081071
PMid:19402980 PMCid:PMC2687047
 
22. Von Abercron SM, Karlsson F, Wigh GT, Wierup M, Krovacek K. (2009) Low occurrence of Clostridium difficile in retail ground meat in Sweden. J Food Prot 72(8): 1732–1734.
PMid:19722410
 
23. Hannah GL. and Brandi L (2010) Clostridium difficile in Food and Domestic Animals: A New Foodborne Pathogen? Clinical Infectious Diseases 51(5):577–582.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/655692
PMid:20642351
 
24. De Boer, E., Zwartkruis-Nahuis, A., Heuvelink, A., Harmanus, C. and Kuijper, E. (2011) Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in retailed meat in The Netherlands. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 144(3): 561-564.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.11.007
PMid:21131085
 
25. Johnson, S. and Gerding, D. (1998) Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26:1027-1034.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/520276
PMid:9597221
 
26. Bartlett, J.G. (1997) Clostridium difficile infection. Pathophysiology and diagnosis. Semin. Gastrointest. Dis. 8: 12-21.
PMid:9000498
 
27. Rupnik, M. (2007) Is Clostridium difficile-associated infec¬tion a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease? Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 13: 457–459.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01687.x
PMid:17331126