Veterinary World

     Open access and peer reviewed journal  

ISSN (Online): 2231-0916

ISSN (Print): 0972-8988

 

Home l Editorial board l Instructions for authors l Reviewer guideline l Open access policy l Archives l FAQ


Open Access

Copyright: The authors. This article is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.


Research (Published online: 27-10-2014)

23. Diagnosis of bovine foot and mouth disease virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing from outbreak herd samples in Ilesha Baruba, Kwara state, Nigeria - Olatunde Hamza Olabode, Haruna Makajuola Kazeem and Mashood Abiola Raji

Veterinary World, 7(10): 868-875

 

 

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.868-875

 

 

Olatunde Hamza Olabode: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; olabodeok@yahoo.com

Haruna Makajuola Kazeem: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; haruna_kazeem@yahoo.com

Mashood Abiola Raji: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; rajmash2002@gmail.com

 

Received: 23-05-2014, Revised: 06-09-2014, Accepted: 10-09-2014, Published online: 27-10-2014

 

Corresponding author: Olatunde Hamza Olabode, e-mail: olabodeok@yahoo.com



Aim: Molecular diagnosis of bovine foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) from outbreak herd in Bukaru-Rontuwa, Sinawu/Tumbunya ward of Ilesha Baruba, in Kwara state-Nigeria was conducted to establish the associated serotypes and disease control plan.

Materials and Methods: Purposive study was conducted in cattle outbreak herds during the dry season of January-March, 2011. Random sampling of blood and observed epithelial tissues was collected, stored in accordance with standard methods and subjected to RNA extraction and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Positive samples for FMDV were further subjected to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), nucleotide sequencing using sequence primers of serotypes O, A, SAT 1-3 and gel electrophoresis. Obtained data were interpreted based on NCBI BLASTN program.

Results: Foot and mouth disease (FMD)-RNA extract was not found in all the blood tested with beta-actin range of Ct = 30-34. rRT-PCR assay showed two positive samples with Ct values of 18.79 and 15.28. Gel electrophoresis identified sequenced PCR amplicons as serotype A and SAT 2 respectively. Direct product sequencing confirmed SAT 2 serotype was closely related to SAT 2 isolate LIB/7/2003. Cloned RT-PCR product in pGEM-T easy vector confirmed serotype A as closely related to sequence of A/NIG/21/2009, though multiple NIG/2009 sequences were also identified as closely related. Both isolates showed marked genetic homogeneity with >93% genetic identity in the VP1 region which confirmed heterogeneity and antigenic variation nature of FMDV.

Conclusion: Quasi species and subtypes of FMD serotypes A and SAT 2 similar to A/NIG/21/2009 and SAT 2/LIB/7/2003 respectively caused the reported FMD outbreaks in Fulani livestock herds investigated. A combined real-time and optimized RT-PCR protocols that would facilitate effective and timely FMD outbreak control plan based on identified serotypes is thus suggested.

Keywords: foot and mouth disease virus, Ilesha Baruba, Kwara State, molecular, outbreaks, phylogenetic.



1. Shao, H., Hui-Yun, C., Guang-Qing, Z., Guo-Zheng, C., Jun-Zheng, D., Tong, L., Shan-Dian, G., Ji-Jun, H., Xiang-Tao, L., Ji-Xing, L., and Jin-Liang, G. (2010) RT rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med., 8(2): 133-140.
 
2. Jamal, S.M. and Belsham, G.J. (2013) Foot-and-mouth disease: Past, present and future. Vet. Res., 44: 116-130.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-44-116
PMid:24308718 PMCid:PMC4028749
 
3. Longjam, N., and Tayo, T. (2011) Antigenic variation of foot and mouth disease virus-An overview. Vet. World., 4(10): 475-479.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2011.475-479
 
4. Xue, M., Wang, H., Li, W., Zhou, G., Tu, Y., and Yu, L. (2012) Effects of amino acid substitutions in the VP2 B-C loop on antigenicity and pathogenicity of serotype Asia1 foot and- mouth disease virus. Virol. J., 9: 191-201.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-9-191
PMid:22963009 PMCid:PMC3489780
 
5. Rweyemamu, M., Roeder, P., Mackay, D., Sumption, K., Brownlie, J., Leforban, Y., Valarcher, J.F., Knowles, N.J. and Saraiva, V. (2008) Epidemiological patterns of foot-and-mouth disease worldwide. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 55: 57-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2007.01013.x
PMid:18397509
 
6. Depa, P.M., Dimri, U., Sharma, M.C. and Tiwari, R. (2012) Update on epidemiology and control of foot and mouth disease - A menace to international trade and global animal enterprise. Vet. World., 5(11): 694-704.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2012.693-703
 
7. Lazarus, D.D., Schielen, W.J.G., Wungak, Y., Kwange, D., and Fasina, F.O. (2012) Sero-epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in some border states of Nigeria. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 6(8): 1756-1761.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJMR11.1026
 
8. Olabode, H.O.K. (2012) Foot and mouth disease in Nigeria: The current status and control efforts. A Paper presented at the global foot and mouth disease research alliance workshop organized by ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, held at Hazy-view, Kurger National Park, South Africa on the 17th-19th April, 2012. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/GFRA/presentations/Session3/3.4OlabodeFMD%20POWERPOINT.pdf.
 
9. Van Phan, L., Kwang-Nyeong, L., Tung, N., Su-Mi, K., In-Soo, C, Dinh, D.K, Nguyen, B.H., Dong, V.Q. and Jong-Hyeon, P. (2012) A rapid molecular strategy for early detection and characterization of foot and mouth disease virus serotypes A, O and Asia 1. J. Virol. Meth., 180(1-2): 1-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.11.028
PMid:22172973
 
10. Tian, H., Wu, J., Shang, Y., Cheng, Y., and Liu, X.T. (2010) The development of a rapid SYBR one step real-time RT-PCR for detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virol. J., 7: 90-97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-7-90
PMid:20459705 PMCid:PMC2874540
 
11. El-Shehawy, L., Azab, A.M.H., Mossad, W., El-Sayed, E., Ismail, A., and Deghady, W. (2012) Real time RT-PCR assay for detection of different serotypes of FMDV in Egypt. Vet. World., 5(12): 732-737.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2012.732-737
 
12. Megersa, B., Beyene, B., Abunna, F., Regassa, A., Amenu, K., and Rufael, T. (2009) Risk factors for foot and mouth disease seroprevalence in indigenous cattle in southern Ethiopia: The effect of production system. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41(6): 891-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-008-9276-5
PMid:19052894
 
13. Olabode, H.O.K., Kazeem, H.M., Raji, M.A. and Ibrahim, N.D.G. (2014) Participatory appraisal of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in Ilesha Baruba, Kwara state-Nigeria. Alex. J. Vet. Sci. AJVS., 40: 132-138.
 
14. Anonymous (2011) Baruteen Local Government Area of Kwara State. Available from: http://www.kwarastate.gov.ng/baruteen-local-government-area.html. [Last accessed on 2011 Jul 20].
 
15. Office International for Epizootics (OIE). (2012) Foot and mouth disease. In: OIE Terrestrial Manual. Ch. 2.1.5. http://www.oie.int/en/our-scientific-expertise/reference-laboratories/list-of-laboratories/) p1-29. Last accessed on 28-08-2014.
 
16. Knowles, N.J. and Samuel, A.R. (1998) RT-PCR and sequencing protocols for the molecular epidemiology of exotic virus diseases of animals - OIE/FAO-WRL-FMD: Molecular Epidemiology Group. p5-20.
 
17. Moniwa, M., Clavijo, A., Li, M., Collignon, B., and Kitching, R.P. (2007) Performance of a foot-and-mouth disease virus reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with amplification controls between three real-time instruments. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 19(1): 9-20.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870701900103
PMid:17459827
 
18. Page, R.D.M. (1996) TREEVIEW: An application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput. Appl. Biosci., 12(4): 357-358.
PMid:8902363
 
19. Durojaiye, A.O. (1981) Incidence of foot and mouth disease in Oyo state of Nigeria. Niger Vet. J., 10: 7-13.
 
20. Nagendrakumar, S.B., Madhanmohan, M., Rangarajan, P.N. and Srinivasan, V.A. (2009) Genetic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A of Indian origin and detection of positive selection and recombination in leader protease- and capsid-coding regions. J. Biosci., 34(1): 85-101.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12038-009-0011-9
PMid:19430121
 
21. Di Nardo, A., Knowles, N.J. and Paton, D.J. (2011) Combining livestock trade patterns with phylogenetics to help understand the spread of foot and mouth disease in sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Sci. Tech. Rev. Off. Int. Epiz., 30(1): 63-85.
 
22. Valdazo-González, B., Knowles, N.J., Hammond, J., and King, D.P. (2012) Genome sequences of SAT 2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses from Egypt and Palestinian autonomous territories (Gaza Strip). J. Virol., 86(16): 8901-8902.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01231-12
PMid:22843860 PMCid:PMC3421706
 
23. Bastos, A.D.S., Haydon, D.T., Sangare, O., Boshoff, C.I., Edrich, J.L. and Thomson, G.R. (2003) The implications of virus diversity within the SAT 2 serotype for control of foot-and-mouth disease in sub-Saharan Africa. J. Gen. Virol., 84(6): 1595-1606.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.18859-0
PMid:12771430
 
24. Vosloo, W., Bastos, A.D.S., Sangare, O., Hargreaves, S.K. and Thomson, G.R. (2002) Review of the status and control of foot and mouth disease in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sci. Tech. Rev. Off. Int. Epiz., 21(3): 437-449.
 
25. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2012) Foot-and-Mouth disease caused by serotype SAT2 in Egypt and Libya: A regional concern for animal health in North Africa and the Middle East. EMPRES WATCH, Vol. 25, March 2012. Rome.
 
26. Arzt, J., Juleff, N., Zhang, Z., and Rodriguez, L.L. (2011) The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease I: Viral pathways in cattle. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 58: 291-304.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01204.x
PMid:21366894
 
27. Kitching, R.P. and Hughes, G.J. (2002) Clinical variation in foot and mouth disease: Sheep and goats. Sci. Tech. Rev., 21(3): 505-512.