Open Access
Copyright: The authors. This article is an open access
article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) which permits unrestricted use,
distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly
cited.
Research
(Published
online: 30-09-2014)
24.
Impact of applying hygienic practices at
farm on bacteriological quality of raw milk - N. Pandey,
A. Kumari, A. K. Varma, S. Sahu and M. A. Akbar
Veterinary World, 7(9): 754-758
doi:
10.14202/vetworld.2014.754-758
N.
Pandey: Department
of Livestock Production Management, Buffalo Research Centre,
College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of
Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India;
siya97singh@gmail.com
A. Kumari:
Department of Livestock Production Management, Buffalo Research
Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University
of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India;
anujsrkumari@gmail.com
A. K. Varma:
Department of Livestock Production Management, Buffalo Research
Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University
of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India;
akvarma1954@gmail.com
S. Sahu:
Department of Livestock Production Management, Buffalo Research
Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University
of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India;
subhasishsahu72@gmail.com
M. A. Akbar: Department of Livestock Production Management,
Buffalo Research Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Lala
Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar -
125 004, Haryana, India;
drma.akbar@gmail.com
Received:
11-06-2014, Revised: 13-08-2014, Accepted: 22-08-2014, Published
Online: 30-09-2014
Corresponding author: S. Sahu,
e-mail: subhasishsahu72@gmail.com
Abstract
Aim:
The present study was carried out to explore the potential
source of contamination and the efficacy of different washing
practices towards quality milk production.
Materials and Methods: Probable sources of contamination
viz.
stored water, potable water, milker’s hands, milking
pail, udder of individual buffalo and milk cans were subjected to
different types of bacterial counts before the actual experiment
to start. Twenty milch buffaloes thereafter were divided randomly
into four treatment groups where washing was performed in each
step viz. milker hands, udder of individual buffalo,
milking pail and milk cans before milking either with water (T0:
stored water, T1: potable water) or sanitizers (T2:
200 ppm chlorine solution, T3: 50 ppm iodophore solution) for 60
days. Bacterial counts again were performed for last 5 alternate
days for all the sources involved along with the microbial load of
raw milk. Data obtained were subjected to standard statistical
analysis.
Results: It was found that for all bacterial
count stored water contributed significantly higher as compared to
the potable water. Among the other potential sources of
contamination (log/6 cm2), standard plate count (SPC) and coliform
count were significantly highest for milking pail (6.73±0.02) and
udder of milch buffaloes (3.77±0.12), respectively, while for
Staphylococci count both milking pail (3.24±0.02) and milking
can (3.22±0.04) were contributed maximally (p<0.05) than others.
Washing with stored water contributed significantly (p<0.05) more
microbial load from all possible sources of contamination and too
reflected on milk quality (SPC: 7.87±0.04, coliform: 4.06±0.46 and
Staphylococci: 3.41±0.01) than the other washing
treatments, which are followed by washing with potable water. Both
the sanitizers were significantly better than the washing with the
water but remained statistically similar (p>0.05) for most of the
parameters, even for the raw milk quality.
Conclusion: Study revealed that milker hands, milking pails,
udder of animals, milk cans and stored water used for washing of
equipment are the potential source of contamination in raw milk.
These were counted as critical point which needs attention for the
production of high-quality milk. Potable water was found to be
better than stored water. The use of either chlorine 200 ppm and
iodophor 50 ppm is highly effective in reducing the bacterial
population for quality milk production.
Keywords: milk, sanitizer, source of contamination, washing,
water.
References
1. Bonfoh, B., Roth C., Traore A.N., Fane A., Simbe C.F and
Alfaroukh I.O. (2006) Effect of washing and disinfecting
containers on the microbiological quality of fresh milk sold
in Barnako (Mali). Food Control, 17(2): 153-161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.09.015 |
|
|
2. Maity T.K., Kumar R. and Misra, A.K. (2010) Prevalence of
enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from chhana based
Indian sweets in relation to public health. Indian J.
Microbiol., 50(4): 463-467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12088-011-0102-9
PMid:22282616 PMCid:PMC3209849 |
|
|
3. Coorevits, A., De Jonghe, V., Vandroemme, J., Reekmans, R.,
Heyrman, J., Messens, W., De Vos, P. and Heyndrickx, M. (2008)
Comparative analysis of the diversity of aerobic-spore-forming
bacteria in raw milk from organic and conventional dairy farms
system. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 31(2): 126-140.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2008.03.002
PMid:18406093 |
|
|
|
4. Bramley, A.J and McKinnon, C.H. (1990) The microbiology of
raw milk. In: Robinson, R.K. editor. Dairy Microbiology. I.
Elsevier Applied Science, London, New York. p171. |
|
|
|
5. BIS. (1986) Bureau of Indian Standard. Microbiological
Quality of Dairy Product Part-ll. A Compendium on Micribiology
Specification. Manak Bhavan, New Delhi. |
|
|
|
6. Sande, C.A.F.M., Smeulders, C.N.M. and Van Der. (1997) The
impact of HACCP on cleaning and disinfection. In: World
Congress on Food Hygiene. Hague, The Netherlands; 26 August. |
|
|
|
7. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1994) Statistical Methode.
8th ed. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi. |
|
|
|
8. Mai, H.M., Irons, P.C., Junaidu, K. and Thompson, P.N.
(2012) A large seroprevalence survey of brucellosis in cattle
herds under diverse production systems in Northern Nigeria.
Bio. Med. Central Vet. Res., 8(144): 1-14. |
|
|
9. Iyer, R., Anand, S.K. and Dang, K.A. (2010) Incidence of
microbiological hazards in organized and peri urban dairy farm
and single animal holdings in tropical environment. Res. J.
Dairy. Sci., 4(3): 23-27.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjdsci.2010.23.27 |
|
|
|
10. Srinu, B., Kumar, A.V., Kumar, M.S., Narayana, B.V.L. and
Rao, T.M. (2012) Assessment of microbiological quality and
associated health risks of raw milk sold in and around
Hyderabad City. Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci., 3(4): 609-614. |
|
|
|
11. Kim, J.W. (1996) Studies on bacteriological condition in
the milking environment. Korean J. Dairy Sci., 17: 113-122. |
|
|
12. Fagundes, H., Corassin, C.H., Tavolaro, P. and Oliveira,
C.A.F. (2012) Milk hygienic practices and occurrence of
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in
small-scale dairy farms in Sao Paulo. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.,
6(28): 5805-5808.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.689 |
|
|
13. Millogo, V., Sjaunja, K.S., Ouedrago, G.A., and Agenas, S.
(2010) Raw milk hygiene at farms, processing units and local
markets in Burkina. Faso. Food Control, 21(7): 1070-1074.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.12.029 |
|
|
|
14. Donkor, E.S., Aning, K.G., Omore, A., Nurah, G.K., Osafo,
E.L.K. and Staa, S.(2007) Risk factors in the hygienic quality
of milk in Ghana. Food Sci. J., 1: 6-9. |
|
|
|
15. Mohamed, O.M.A and Fatima, M.M.E. (2011) The impact of
applying some hygienic practices on raw milk quality in
Khartoum State, Sudan. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 7(2):
169-173. |
|
|
|
16. Rajorhia, G.S. (2001) Quality management during production
and procurement of milk. Proceeding of Total Quality
Management in Dairy Processing, Held at National Dairy
Research Institute, Karnal, March 1-30. |
|
|
|
17. Ingawa, K.H., Adkinson, R.W and Gough, R.H. (1992) Effect
of a gel teat cleaning and sanitizing agent on milk quality
and udder health. J. Dairy Sci., 74 (Suppl 1): 204. |
|
|
|
18. Sahota, R.S. and Saini, A.L. (2001) Hygienic practices
during milking and handling thereafter. Proceeding of the
National Seminar on Quality Assurance in Dairy Industry held
at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana from Sept, 8-9,
2001. Indian Dairy Association, New Delhi. |
|
|
|
19. Siva, C.V and Sannaphadts, S. (1994) Dung and milk cans as
source of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial spore contamination
of raw milk. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 47: 401-405. |
|
|
|
20. Yuen, S.K., Yee, C.F and Yin, F.H. (2012) Microbiological
quality and the impact of hygienic practices on the raw milk
obtained from the small-scale dairy farmers in sabah,
Malaysia. Int. J. Agric. Food Sci., 2(2): 55-59. |
|
|
21. Sanua, M., Poutrel, B., Monard, J.L. and Seneys, F. (1993)
Risk factor associated with contamination of raw milk by
Listeria monocytogenes in dairy farm. J. Dairy Sci., 76:
2891-2898.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77628-6 |
|
