Open Access
Copyright: The authors. This article is an open access
article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) which permits unrestricted use,
distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly
cited.
Research
(Published
online: 07-09-2014)
6.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii
antibodies in stray and owned dogs of Grenada, West Indies
- Ravindra
N. Sharma, Gabriel Ordas, Keshaw Tiwari, Alfred Chikweto, Muhammad
Iqbal Bhaiyat, Claude De Allie and Tara Paterson
Veterinary World, 7(9): 661-664
doi:
10.14202/vetworld.2014.661-664
Ravindra N. Sharma:
Department of
Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Georges
University, Grenada, West Indies; rsharma@sgu.edu
Gabriel Ordas:
Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St.
Georges University, Grenada, West Indies;
gordas@sgu.edu
Keshaw Tiwari:
Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St.
Georges University, Grenada, West Indies;
ktiwari@sgu.edu
Alfred
Chikweto:
Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St.
Georges University, Grenada, West Indies; achikweto@sgu.edu
Muhammad Iqbal Bhaiyat:
Department of
Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Georges
University, Grenada, West Indies; mibhaiyat@sgu.edu
Claude
De Allie: Division
of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries, Government of Grenada, West Indies; cdeallie@sgu.edu
Tara
Paterson: Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Georges University, Grenada,
West Indies; tpaterson@sgu.edu
Received: 21-05-2014, Revised: 18-07-2014,
Accepted: 25-07-2014, Published online: 07-09-2014
Corresponding author: Ravindra N.
Sharma, email: rsharma@sgu.edu
Abstract
Aim:
This serological survey was undertaken to estimate the
prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in two populations of dogs
(stray and owned dogs) in Grenada. Dogs get infected with oocysts
voided from cats, definitive hosts of T. gondii. In dogs,
T. gondii causes subclinical to clinical disease. Earlier
studies conducted in Grenada on a small population of owned dogs
showed evidence of exposure to T. gondii.
Materials and Methods: Antibodies to T. gondii were
determined in serum samples from 625 dogs (368 stray and 257 owned
dogs) from around all six parishes in Grenada, West Indies, using
an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: Antibodies to T. gondii were
found in 123 (33.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 28.58-38.22%)
of stray dogs and in 64 (25%; 95% CI: 19.71-30.29%) of the owned
dogs. Seropositivity was higher in stray dogs than in pet dogs
(p=0.026). Whereas, there was no sex predisposition to
seropositivity in owned dogs (p=1.0), female stray dogs showed a
higher prevalence than male stray dogs (p=0.04).
Conclusion: These results support previous findings that T.
gondii is prevalent in Grenada. In this study, overall
seropositivity for T. gondii in dogs in Grenada is lower
than noted in 2008, but is still higher in stray dogs than in
owned dogs.
Keywords: dog, ELISA, Grenada, T. gondii.
References
|
1. Dubey, J.P. (2010) Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans. 2nd
ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. p313. |
|
|
2. Jacob, K.F., David, S.L., Brent, B.P., and Mike, D. (2003)
Dogs as possible mechanical carriers of toxoplasma, and their
fur as a source of infection of young children. Int. J.
Infect. Dis., 7: 292-293.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1201-9712(03)90112-3 |
|
|
|
3. Bo Li, N.Z., Peng, W., Shang, L., Jin, H., and Liu, Q.
(2012) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in dogs
in Sichuan province, South Western China. J. Parasitol.,
98(1): 2009-2010. |
|
|
4. Dubey, J.P. and Lappin, R. (2006) Toxoplasmosis and
neosporosis. In: Greene, C.E., editor. Infectious Diseases of
the Dog and Cat. Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. p754-775.
PMid:16767780 |
|
|
5. Dubey, J.P., Stone, D., Kwok, O.C.H., and Sharma, R.N.
(2008) Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum antibodies in
dogs from Grenada, West Indies. J. Parasitol., 94(3): 750-751.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-1496.1
PMid:18605807 |
|
|
6. Chikweto, A., Kumthekar, S., Tiwari, K., Nyack, B., Deokar,
M.S., Stratton, G., Macpherson, C.N.L., Sharma, R.N., and
Dubey, J.P. (2011) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in
pigs, sheep, goats, and cattle from grenada and carriacou,
West Indies. J. Parasitol., 97(5): 950-951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2811.1
PMid:21506801 |
|
|
7. Dubey, J.P., Rajapakse, R.P.V., Wijesundera, R.R.M., Sundar,
N., Velmurugan, G.V., Kwok, O.C.H., and Su, C. (2007)
Prevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii in dogs from Sri Lanka and
genetic characterization of the parasite isolates. Vet.
Parasitol., 146(3-4): 341-346.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.03.009
PMid:17442491 |
|
|
8. Lopes, A.P., Santos, H., Neto, F., Rodrigues, M., Kwok,
O.C.H., Dubey, J.P. and Cordoso, L. (2011) Prevalence of
antibodies to T. gondii in dogs from Northeastern Portugal. J.
Parasitol., 97(3): 418-420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2691.1
PMid:21506866 |
|
|
9. Song-Ming, W., Si-Yang, H., Bao-Quan, F., Guang-Yuan, L.,
Jia-Xu, C., Mu-Xin, C., Zi-Guo, Y., Dong-Hui, Z., Ya-Biao, W.,
Xing-Quan, Z., and De-He, Y. (2011) Seroprevalene of T. gondii
infection in Lanzhou, Northwest China. Parasitol. Vectors., 4:
64.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-4-64
PMid:21542918 PMCid:PMC3108912 |
|
|
10. Cheng-Wu, L., Na Yong., Jian-Bin, H., Ming-Yang, M., Ning,
M.S., and Hong-Kui, L. (2013) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma
gondii infection in police dogs in Shenny yang, Northeastern
China. Korean. J. Parasitol., 51(5): 579-581.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.579
PMid:24327786 PMCid:PMC3857508 |
|
|
11. Sathaporn, J., Burin, N., Nongnuch, P., Wissanuwat, C.,
Hidenori, K., and Soichi, M. (2007) Seroprevalence of
Toxoplasma gondii in stray cats and dogs in the Bangkok
metropolitan area, Thailand. Vet Parasitol., 145: 138-141.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.10.021
PMid:17141415 |
|
|
|
12. Jadoon, A. Akhtar, T., Maqbool, A., Anjum, A.A., and Ajmal,
A. (2009). Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii in canines. J.
Anim. plant. Sci., 19(4): 179-181. |
|
|
13. Thi-Dieu, T.N., Se-Eun, C., Joe-Won, B., Hong-Bum, K.,
Hee-Soo, L. and Sueng-Won, K. (2012) Seroprevalence of
Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dogs from Korea.
Acta. Parasitol., 57(1): 7-12.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-012-0010-0
PMid:22807008 |
|
|
|
14. Ahmad, F., Maqbool, A., Mahfooz. A., Hayat, S. (2001)
Serological survey of Toxoplasma Gondii in dogs and cats. Pak.
Vet. J., 21(1): 31-35. |
|
|
|
15. Sedlak, K., and Bartova, E. (2006) The prevalence of
Toxoplasma Gondii IgM and IgG antibodies in dogs and cats from
the Czech republic. Vet. Med. Czech., 51(12): 555-558. |
|
|
|
16. Oncel, T., Handemir, E., Kamburgil, K., and Yurtalan, S.
(2007) Determination of seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii
in stray dogs in Istanbul, Turkey. Rev. Med. Vet., 158:
223-228. |
|
|
|
17. Husseininejad, M. and Hosseini, F. (2011) Seroprevalence
of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infection in dogs
from west and central parts of Iran using two indirect ELISA
tests and assessment of associated risk factors. Iran. J. Vet.
Res. Shirazu., 12(1): 46-49. |
|
|
18. Costa, D.G.C., Marvulo, M.F.V., Silva, J.S.A, Santana,
S.C., Magalhaes, F.J.R., Lima Filho, C.D.F., Ribeiro, V.O.,
Alves, L.C., Mota, R.A., Dubey, J.P., and Silva, J.C.R. (2012)
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic and wild
animals from the Fernando de Noronha, Brazil. J. Parasitol.,
98(3): 679-680.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2910.1
PMid:22150091 |
|
|
19. Yan, C., Lin-Lin, F., Cai-Ling, Y., Ren-Xian, T., Yi-Sheng,
L., Liang L., Na Shi., Ping, Z., Peng, Z., Dong- Hui, W.,
Dong-Hui, Z., Xing-Quan, Z., and Kui-yang, Z. (2012) Stray
dogs as indicators of Toxoplasma gondii distributed in the
environment: The first report across an urban-rural gradient
in China. Parasitol. Vectors., 5: 5.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-5-5
PMid:22217112 PMCid:PMC3271967 |
|
|
|
20. Shadfar, S., Shabistari, A., Zendeh, M.B., Gasemi, B., and
Zamzam, S.H. (2012) Evaluation of Toxoplasma Gondii IgG
antibodies in stray and household dogs by ELISA. Glob. Vet.,
9(1): 117-122. |
|
|
21. Meireles, L.R., Galisteo, A.J.Jr., Pompeu, E. and Andrade,
H.F.Jr. (2004) Toxoplasma gondii spreading in an urban area
evaluated by seroprevalence in free-living cats and dogs.
Trop. Med. Int. Health, 9(8): 876-881.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01280.x
PMid:15303992 |
|
|
|
22. Hosseinininejad, M., Hosseini, A.M., Selk-Ghaffari, M.,
Khorrami, N., Mohebali, M., Shojaee, S., Mirani, A., Azizzadeh,
M., Mirshokraei, P., and Aliari, A. (2011) Seroprevalence of
Toxoplamsa Gondii infection in Dogs in Tehran, Iran. Iran J.
Parasitol., 6(1): 81-85. |
|
|
23. Dubey, J.P., Cortes Vecino, J.A. Vargas-Duarte, J.J.
Sundar, N., Velmurugan, G.V. Bandini, L.N., Polo, L.J.,
Zambrano, N., Mora, L.E., Kwok, O.C.H., Smith, T., and Su, C.
(2007) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in dogs from Colombia,
South America and genetic characterization of T. gondii
isolates. Vet. Parasitol., 145(1-2): 45-50.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.12.001
PMid:17257761 |
|
|
24. Asthana, S.P., Macpherson, C.N., Weiss, S.H., Stephens,
R., Denny, T.N., Sharma R.N., and Dubey, J.P. (2006)
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Pregnant Women and Cats
in Grenada, West Indies. J. Parasitol., 92(3): 644-645.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-762R.1
PMid:16884013 |
|
|
25. Dubey, J.P., Lappin, M.R., Kwok, O.C.H., Mofya, S.,
Chikweto, A., Baffa, A., Doherty, D. Shakeri, J., Macpherson,
C.N.L., and Sharma, R.N. (2009) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma
gondii and concurrent Bartonella spp. Feline immunodeficiency
virus, and Feline leukemia virus infections in cats from
Grenada, West Indies. J. Parasitol. 95(5): 1129-1133.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2114.1
PMid:19385716 |
|
|
26. Yang, N., Mingyang, M., Hongkui, L., Jianmin, H., Weifan,
G.A., Shuhua, Y., and Jianbin, H. (2013) Seroprevalence of
Toxoplasma gondii infection in pet dogs in Shenyang,
Northeastern China. J. Parasitol., 99(1): 176-177.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-3211.1
PMid:22712433 |
|
|
27. Ogunrinade, A.F. (1978) Canine toxoplasmosis. Niger. Med.
J., 8(5): 446.
PMid:735407 |
|
|
|
28. Alain, R.K., Victor, A., Oubri, B.G., Phillepi, S.K.,
Jean, F.A., Fatoumata, C., Andree, P.N., Natacha, E., Saly,
K., Mamoud, S., Papa, I.M., Serge, N.B., Bernard, M. D., Papa
E.H.D., and Louis, J.P. (2013) Seroprevalence of Neospora
caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in dogs and risk of infection of
dogs and women in the city Saint Louis, Senegal. Sci.
Parasitol., 14(3): 129-137. |
|
