| 
              
              
              Open Access  
 
              
              
              
              Review 
              
              
(Published 
				online: 11-08-2016)  
              7. 
				
				
				Rumen-protected choline: A significance 
				effect on dairy cattle nutrition - 
				
				G. Jayaprakash, M. Sathiyabarathi, M. Arokia Robert and T. 
				Tamilmani 
              
              Veterinary World, 9(8): 837-841   
              
   
                
                
doi: 
              
				
				10.14202/vetworld.2016.837-841 
                
				  
				
				G. Jayaprakash: 
				
				Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal 
				Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, 
				Mannuthy, Thrissur - 680 651, Kerala, India; drgjayaprakash@gmail.com 
				
				M. Sathiyabarathi: 
				
				Southern Regional Station, ICAR - National Dairy Research 
				Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India; 
				drmsathiyabarathi@gmail.com 
				
				M. Arokia Robert: 
				
				Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal 
				Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, 
				Mannuthy, Thrissur - 680 651, Kerala, India; arokiarobert@gmail.com 
				
				T. Tamilmani: 
				
				Department of Poultry Science, Indian Veterinary Research 
				Institute, ICAR, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India; 
				tamilvet3@gmail.com   
				
				Received: 14-04-2016, Accepted: 09-07-2016, Published online: 
				11-08-2016   
				
              	
              	Corresponding author: 
              	
				
				G. Jayaprakash, e-mail: drgjayaprakash@gmail.com 
 
              Citation: Jayaprakash G, Sathiyabarathi M, Robert MA, Tamilmani T (2016) 
				Rumen-protected choline: A significance effect on dairy cattle 
				nutrition, 
				
				Veterinary World, 9(8): 
				837-841. 
 
              
				Abstract 
 
				
				Choline is a vitamin-like substance it has multi-function in 
				animal production, reproduction, and health. The transition 
				period is most crucial stage in lactation cycle of dairy cows 
				due to its association with negative hormonal and energy 
				balances. Unfortunately, unprotected choline easily degrades in 
				the rumen; therefore, choline added to the diet in a 
				rumenprotected form. The use of rumen-protected choline (RPC) is 
				a preventive measurement for the fatty liver syndrome and 
				ketosis; may improve milk production as well as milk composition 
				and reproduction parameters. This review summarizes the 
				effectiveness of RPC on animal production, health, and 
				reproduction. 
				
				Keywords: 
				
				choline, dairy cows, health, production, reproduction. 
 
              References 
 
				
					| 1. Sharma, B.K. and Erdman, R.A. (1989) In vitro degradation 
					of choline from selected feedstuffs and choline supplements. 
					J. Dairy Sci., 72: 2772-2776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79421-2
 |  
					|  |  
					| 2. Atkins, K.B., Erdman, R.A. and Vandersall, J.H. (1988) 
					Dietary choline effects on milk yield and duodenal choline 
					flow in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 71: 109-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79531-4
 |  
					|  |  
					| 3. Erdman, R.A. and Sharma, B.K. (1991) Effect of dietary 
					rumen - Protected choline in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy 
					Sci., 74: 1641-1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78326-4
 |  
					|  |  
					| 4. Pinotti, L., Baldi, A., Politis, I., Rebucci, R., 
					Sangalli, L. and Dell׳Orto, V. (2003) Rumen-protected 
					choline administration to transition cows: Effects on milk 
					production and vitamin E status. J. Vet. Med. A., 50: 18-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00502.x
 |  
					|  |  
					| 5. Ardalan, M., Rezayazdi, K. and Banadaky, M.D. (2010) 
					Investigation on the effect of supplementing rumen protected 
					forms of methionine and choline on health situation and 
					reproductive performance of Holstein dairy cows. Pak. J. 
					Biol. Sci., 12(1): 69-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2009.69.73
 |  
					|  |  
					| 6. Cooke, R.F., Rio, N.S.D., Caraviello, D.Z., Bertics, S.J., 
					Ramos, M.H. and Grummer, R.R. (2007) Supplemental choline 
					for prevention and alleviation of fatty liver in dairy 
					cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 90: 2413-2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-028
 PMid:17430945
 |  
					|  |  
					| 7. Pinotti, L., Campagnoli, A., Orto, V.D. and Baldi, A. 
					(2005) Choline is there a need in the lactating dairy cow. 
					Livest. Prod. Sci., 98: 149-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.013
 |  
					|  |  
					| 8. Piepenbrink, M.S. and Overton, T.R. (2003) Liver 
					metabolism and production of cows fed increasing amounts of 
					rumen protected choline during the periparturient period. J. 
					Dairy Sci., 86: 1722-1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73758-8
 |  
					|  |  
					| 9. Mohsen, M.K., Gaafar, H.M.A., Khalafalla, M.M., Shitta, 
					A.A. and Yousif, A.M. (2011) Effect of rumen protected 
					choline supplementation on digestibility, rumen activity and 
					milk yield in lactating Friesian cows. Slovak J. Anim. Sci, 
					44(1): 13-20. |  
					|  |  
					| 10. Grummer, R.R. (1993) Etiology of lipid - Related 
					metabolic disorders in periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy 
					Sci., 76: 3882-3896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77729-2
 |  
					|  |  
					| 11. Strang, B.D., Bertics, S.J., Grummer, R.R. and Armentano, 
					L.E. (1998) Effect of long-chain fatty acids on 
					triglycerides accumulation, gluconeogenesis, and ureagenesis 
					in bovine hepatocytes. J. Dairy Sci., 81: 728-739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75629-2
 |  
					|  |  
					| 12. NRC. (2001) Nutrient Requirements for Dairy Cattle. 7th 
					Revised ed. National Academy Press, Washingdon, DC. |  
					|  |  
					| 13. Sharma, B.K. and Erdman, R.A. (1989) Effects of dietary 
					and abomasally infused choline on milk production responses 
					of lactating dairy cows. J. Nutr., 119: 248-254. PMid:2918397
 |  
					|  |  
					| 14. Pawar, S.P., Kewalramani, N., Thakur, S.S. and Kaur, J. 
					(2015) Effect of dietary rumen protected choline 
					supplementation on milk choline content in crossbred cows. 
					Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 32(1): 30-35. |  
					|  |  
					| 15. Hartwell, J.R., Cecavqa, M.J. and Donkin, S.S. (2000) 
					Impact of dietary rumen undegradable protein and 
					rumen-protected choline on intake, peripartum liver 
					triacylglyceride, plasma metabolites and milk production in 
					transition dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 83: 2907-2917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75191-5
 |  
					|  |  
					| 16. Rahamani, M., Dehghan-Banadaky, M. and Kamalyan, R. 
					(2014) Effects of feeding rumen protected choline and 
					Vitamin E on milk yield, milk composition, dry matter 
					intake, body condition score and body weight in early 
					lactating dairy cows. Iran. J Appl. Anim. Sci., 4(4): 
					693-698. |  
					|  |  
					| 17. Guretzky, N.A.J., Carlson, D.B., Garrett, J.E. and 
					Drackley, J.K. (2006) Lipid metabolite profiles and milk 
					production for Holstein and jersey cows fed rumen protected 
					choline during the periparturient period. J. Dairy Sci., 89: 
					188-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72083-5
 |  
					|  |  
					| 18. Davidson, S., Hopkins, B.A., Odle, J., Brownie, C., 
					Fellner, V. and Whitlow, L.W. (2008) Supplementing limited 
					methionine diets with rumen - Protected methionine, betaine, 
					and choline in early lactation Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 
					91: 1552-1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0721
 PMid:18349248
 |  
					|  |  
					| 19. Zahra, L.C., Duffleld, T.F., Leslle, K.E., Overton, 
					T.R., Putnam, D. and Leblanc, J. (2006) Effects of rumen 
					protected choline and monensin on milk production and 
					metabolism of periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 89: 
					4808-4818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72530-9
 |  
					|  |  
					| 20. Soltan, M.A., Mujalli, A.M., Mandour, M.A. and Abeer, 
					M.E. (2012) Effect of dietary rumen protected methionine 
					and/or choline supplementation of rumen fermentation 
					characteristics and protective performance of early 
					lactating cows. Pak. J. Nutr., 11(3): 221-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2012.221.230
 |  
					|  |  
					| 21. Garg, M.R., Bhanderi, B.M. and Sherasia, P.L. (2012) 
					Effect of supplementing bypass fat with rumen protected 
					choline chloride on milk yield, milk composition and 
					metabolic profile in crossbred cows. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 
					65(4): 319-323. |  
					|  |  
					| 22. Lima, F.S., Filho, M.F.S., Greco, L.F., Susca, F., 
					Magalhaes, V.J., Garrett, J. and Santos, J.E.P. (2007) 
					Effects of feeding rumen-protected choline (RPC) on 
					lactation and metabolism. J. Dairy Sci., 90: 174. |  
					|  |  
					| 23. Sheikh, F.A., Kewalramani, N. and Thakkur, S.S. (2015) 
					Effect of supplementation of rumen protected lysine plus 
					methionine or choline on blood biochemical parameters in 
					crossbred cows. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 32(3): 344-347. |  
					|  |  
					| 24. Nardi, R.D., Marchesini, G., Tenti, S., Contiero, B., 
					Andrighetto, I. and Segato, S. (2012) Lecithin as a 
					supplement for mid - Lactating dairy cows. Acta Agric. Slov., 
					3(3): 67-70. |  
					|  |  
					| 25. Baldi, A. and Pinnotti, L. (2006) Choline metabolism in 
					high - Producing dairy cows: Metabolic and nutritional 
					basis. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 86: 207-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/A05-061
 |  
					|  |  
					| 26. Scheer, W.A., Lucy, M.C., Kerley, M.S. and Spain, J.N. 
					(2002) Effects of feeding soybeans and rumen protected 
					choline during late gestation and early lactation on 
					performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 85 Suppl 1: 276. |  
					|  |  
					| 27. Leiva, T., Cooke, R.F., Brandao, A.P., Marques, R.S. and 
					Vasconcelos, J.L. (2015) Effect of rumen-protected choline 
					supplementation on metabolic and performance responses of 
					transition dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 93(4): 1896-1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8606
 |  
					|  |  
					| 28. Pineda, A. and Cardosa, F.C. (2015) Effects of rumen 
					protected choline with calcium salts of long chain fatty 
					acids on milk yield and milk composition of middle and late 
					lactation Holstein cows. Livest. Sci., 175: 47-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2015.02.005
 |  
					|  |  
					| 29. Sales, J., Homolka, P. and Koukolova, V. (2010) Effect 
					of dietary rumen protected choline on milk production of 
					dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J. Dairy Sci., 93: 3746-3754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3106
 |  
					|  |  
					| 30. Zom, R.L.G., Baal, J.V., Goselink, R.M.A., Bakker, J.A., 
					Veth, M.J. and Vuuren, A.M. (2011) Effect of rumen protected 
					choline on performance, blood metabolites, and hepatic 
					triacylglycerols of periparturient dairy cattle. J. Dairy 
					Sci., 94: 4016-4027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4233
 PMid:21787937
 |  
					|  |  
					| 31. Xu, G., Ye, J.A., Liu, J. and Yu, Y. (2006) Effect of 
					rumen protected choline addition on milk performance and 
					blood metabolic parameters in transition dairy cows. Asian 
					Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 19(3): 390-395. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.390
 |  
					|  |  
					| 32. Bindel, D.J., Drouillard, J.S., Titgemeyer, E.C., 
					Wessels, R.H. and Loest, C.A. (2000) Effects of ruminally 
					protected choline and dietary fat on performance and blood 
					metabolites of finishing heifers. J. Anim. Sci., 78(10): 
					2497-2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2000.78102497x
 |  
					|  |  
					| 33. Lima, F.S., Filho, M.F.S., Greco, L.F. and Santos, J.E.P. 
					(2012) Effects of feeding rumen protected choline on 
					incidence of disease and reproduction of dairy cows. Vet. 
					J., 193: 140-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.019
 PMid:22178357
 |  
					|  |  
					| 34. Ensink, J. and Kampf, D. (2013) Effect of rumen 
					protected choline chloride in dairy cows. Jahrestagung der 
					Bayrischen Arbeitsgeminschaft Tierenahrung e.V., Freising. 
					p77-80. |  
					|  |  
					| 35. Suksombat, W., Homkao, J. and Klangnork, P. (2012) 
					Effect of biotin and rumen protected choline supplementation 
					on milk production, milk composition, live weight change and 
					blood parameters in lactating dairy weights. J. Anim. Vet. 
					Adv., 10: 2186-2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2012.1116.1122
 |  
					|  |  
					| 36. Toghdory, A., Emanuele, S., Ghoorchi, T. and Naserian, 
					A. (2007) Effect of choline and rumen protected choline 
					(Reashure) on milk production, milk composition and blood 
					metabolites of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 90(1): 
					353. |  
					|  |  
					| 37. Elek, P., Newbold, J.R., Gaal, T., Wagner, L. and 
					Husveth. F. (2008) Effects of rumen-protected choline 
					supplementation on milk production and choline supply of 
					periparturient dairy cows. Animal, 2(11): 1595-1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1751731108002917
 PMid:22444010
 |  
					|  |  
					| 38. Chung, Y.H., Brown, N.E., Martinez, C.M., Cassidy, T.W. 
					and Varga. G.A. (2009) Effects of rumen protected choline 
					and dry propylene glycol on feed intake and blood parameters 
					for Holstein dairy cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci., 
					81: 2729-2736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1299
 PMid:19448007
 |  |