Open Access
Review
(Published
online: 19-12-2016)
19.
Epidural analgesia in cattle, buffalo, and
camels -
Zuhair Bani Ismail
Veterinary World, 9(12): 1450-1455
doi:
10.14202/vetworld.2016.1450-1455
Zuhair Bani Ismail:
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and
Technology, P. O. Box: 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; zuhair72@just.edu.jo
Received: 03-09-2016, Accepted: 18-11-2016, Published online:
19-12-2016
Corresponding author:
Zuhair Bani Ismail, e-mail: zuhair72@just.edu.jo
Citation:
Ismail ZB (2016) Epidural analgesia in cattle, buffalo, and
camels,
Veterinary World, 9(12):
1450-1455.
Abstract
Epidural analgesia is commonly used in large animals. It is an
easy, cheap, and effective technique used to prevent or control
pain during surgeries involving the tail, anus, vulva, perineum,
caudal udder, scrotum, and upper hind limbs. The objectives of
this article were to comprehensively review and summarize all
scientific data available in the literature on new techniques and
drugs or drug combinations used for epidural anesthesia in cattle,
camel, and buffalo. Only articles published between 2006 and 2016
were included in the review. The most common sites for epidural
administration in cattle, camels, and buffalos were the
sacrococcygeal intervertebral space (S5-Co1) and first
intercoccygeal intervertebral space (Co1-Co2). The most frequently
used drugs and dosages were lidocaine (0.22-0.5 mg/kg),
bupivacaine (0.125 mg/kg), ropivacaine (0.11 mg/kg), xylazine
(0.05 mg/kg), medetomidine (15 μg/kg), romifidine (30-50 μg/kg),
ketamine (0.3-2.5 mg/kg), tramadol (1 mg/kg), and neostigmine (10
μg/kg), and the clinical applications, clinical effects,
recommendations, and side effects were discussed.
Keywords:
buffalo, camel, cattle, epidural analgesia, side effects.
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