In vitro anticoccidial activity of nanoencapsulated bromelain against Eimeria spp. oocysts isolated from goats in Kenya

Vet World Vol.15 February-2022 Article-21

Research Article

Veterinary World, 15(2): 397-402

https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.397-402

Ahmota Romain Daiba¹, John Maina Kagira², Maina Ngotho³, James Kimotho⁴, and Naomi Maina^1,5

1. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan-African University of Institute of Basic Science, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya.
2. Department of Animal Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.
3. Department of Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
4. Innovation and Technology Transfer Division, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
5. Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.

Background and Aim: The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Eimeria spp. calls for the development of novel anticoccidial drugs. Plant extracts provide a possible natural source for such drugs. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro anticoccidial activity of encapsulated bromelain (EB) in chitosan nanocarriers on Eimeria spp. oocysts isolated from goats kept by farmers in Kenya.

Materials and Methods: Bromelain was extracted from the peel of ripe pineapples using standard methods. Eimeria spp. oocysts were isolated from the feces of goats using a flotation method. The inhibition of sporulation was assayed after exposing the oocysts to solutions of EB, non-EB (NEB), and diclazuril (positive control) at concentrations between 4 mg/mL and 0.125 mg/mL for 48 h. The oocysts were examined under a microscope (40x) to determine the effects of the drugs on the sporulation process. The percentage of sporulation inhibition was calculated after 48 h and the inhibition concentration 50% (IC50) was determined by probit analysis.

Results: Bromelain manifested anticoccidial activity through the inhibition of the sporulation of coccidia oocysts. EB achieved inhibition with a lower dose compared with NEB. The IC50 values of diclazuril, EB, and NEB were 0.078 mg/mL, 0.225 mg/mL, and 0.575 mg/mL, respectively. There were significant differences (p<0.01) between the IC50 of EB and NEB compared with the standard treatment drug.

Conclusion: This preliminary study showed that EB has anticoccidial activity supporting further evaluation at an in vivo level to develop a novel drug for the management of coccidiosis in goats. Keywords: anticoccidial activity, bromelain, chitosan, coccidia, goat, nanoencapsulation.

Keywords: anticoccidial activity, bromelain, chitosan, coccidia, goat, nanoencapsulation.

How to cite this article: Daiba AR, Kagira JM, Ngotho M, Kimotho J, Maina N (2022) In vitro anticoccidial activity of nanoencapsulated bromelain against Eimeria spp. oocysts isolated from goats in Kenya, Veterinary World, 15(2): 397-402.

Received: 02-09-2021 Accepted: 17-01-2022 Published online: 22-02-2022

Corresponding author: John Maina Kagira E-mail: jkagira@jkuat.ac.ke

DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.397-402

Copyright: Daiba, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.