Nanotechnology-driven strategies for tilapia vaccines: Comparative evaluation of nanoemulsions and silica nanoparticles against Streptococcus agalactiae

Vet World Vol.18 July-2025 Article - 2

Review Article

Veterinary World, 18(7): 1807-1818

https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2025.1807-1818

Angela Mariana Lusiastuti¹, Siti Nurul Aisyiyah Jenie², Melati Septiyanti², Yulianti Sampora², Tanjung Penataseputro¹, Thavasimutu Citarasu³, Desy Sugiani¹, Dewi Syahidah¹, Indah Dwiatmi Dewijanti⁴, Hessy Novita¹, Tuti Sumiati¹, Uni Purwaningsih¹, Suryanto Suryanto⁵, Brata Pantjara⁵, Taufik Hadi Ramli⁶, Pramuanggit Panggih Nugroho¹, Khairun Nisaa¹, and Annisa Wening Maharani Putri¹

1. Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong, Bogor, 16911, West Java, Indonesia.

2. Research Center for Advanced Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Puspiptek 60, Setu, Tangerang Selatan, 15314, Banten, Indonesia.

3. Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Marina Campus, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, 629502, India.

4. Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong, Bogor, 16911, West Java, Indonesia.

5. Research Center for Fisheries, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong, Bogor, 16911, West Java, Indonesia.

6. Department of Aquaculture, The Marine and Fisheries Polytechnic Karawang, The Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jl. Raya Lingkar Tanjungpura-Klari, Karang Pawitan, Karawang Barat, Karawang, 41314, West Java, Indonesia.

Background and Aim: Streptococcosis, caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, is a significant disease in tilapia farming that results in substantial economic losses. While vaccination is the most effective method for prevention, current vaccines face challenges when administered orally or through immersion, primarily due to poor absorption and degradation in the fish’s digestive system. Nanotechnology offers new ways to improve vaccine delivery and effectiveness. This review compares two nanoparticle (NPs)-based systems – nanoemulsions and silica NPs (SiNP) – for delivering vaccines to tilapia. Nanoemulsions are small, stable droplets that protect the vaccine and help it stick to mucosal surfaces, making them more effective in triggering immune responses. SiNP are highly stable and can protect vaccines under harsh conditions but still face challenges in particle size and vaccine loading. The review highlights important factors, including particle size, stability, and surfactant composition, that affect the vaccine’s effectiveness. In practical terms, nanoemulsions are more suitable for use in Indonesia’s tropical aquaculture settings because they are easier to apply, more stable, and more effective in their current formulations. Further research is needed to improve both systems, especially to ensure long-term safety, improve delivery to mucosal tissues, and reduce production costs. Nanotechnology-based vaccines have a strong potential to improve fish health and reduce antibiotic use in aquaculture.

Keywords: fish health, mucosal vaccine, nanoemulsion, nanovaccine, silica nanoparticles, Streptococcus agalactiae, tilapia.

How to cite this article: Lusiastuti AM, Jenie, SNA, Septiyanti, M, Sampora Y, Penataseputro T, Citarasu, T, Sugiani D, Syahidah D, Dewijanti ID, Novita H, Sumiati T, Purwaningsih U, Suryanto S, Pantjara B, Ramli TH, Nugroho PP, Nisaa K, and Putri AWM (2025) Nanotechnology-driven strategies for tilapia vaccines: Comparative evaluation of nanoemulsions and silica nanoparticles against Streptococcus agalactiae, Veterinary World, 18(7): 1807-1818.

Received: 25-02-2025 Accepted: 05-06-2025 Published online: 08-07-2025

Corresponding author: Angela Mariana Lusiastuti E-mail: lusiastuti_61@yahoo.co.id

DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2025.1807-1818

Copyright: Lusiastuti, et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.