Gamma-oryzanol, a bioactive compound derived from rice bran, is recognized for its antioxidant and metabolic regulatory properties. This study evaluated the effects of dietary gamma-oryzanol supplementation on laying performance, egg quality, blood health, and follicular development in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). A total of 216 12-week-old laying quails were randomly assigned to six groups receiving gamma-oryzanol at 0 (control), 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 g/kg of diet for 7 weeks. Feed intake, egg production, feed conver­sion ratio, egg quality traits, hematological and biochemical parameters, and ovarian follicular characteristics were mea­sured. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s post hoc test. Gamma-oryzanol at 0.2 g/kg significantly increased egg production (98.69%) compared to the control (86.80%). Supplementation at 0.3–0.5 g/kg improved eggshell thickness and yolk index (p < 0.05). Red blood cell counts were signifi­cantly higher at 0.4 g/kg, indicating enhanced erythropoiesis. Other hematological and biochemical parameters remained unchanged. A significant increase in small white follicle count and F3 follicle diameter was observed at 0.5 g/kg, indicating improved follicular development. Gamma-oryzanol supplementation at 0.2–0.5 g/kg enhanced laying performance, egg quality, and ovarian fol­licle development without adverse hematological or biochemical effects. The compound shows potential as a safe and functional feed additive to support productivity and reproductive efficiency in commercial quail production.

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, remains a significant zoonotic and eco­nomic threat globally. Despite the long-standing use of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, its inconsistent efficacy and interference with surveillance tests underscore the need for alternative approaches. This study evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of a novel influenza vector-based vaccine expressing M. bovis antigens ESAT-6 and TB10.4, formulated with or without an adjuvant. Recombinant influenza A viruses expressing ESAT-6 and TB10.4 were constructed using reverse genetics and incorporated into vaccine formulations. Guinea pigs and calves were immunized with adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted formulations, followed by challenge with a virulent M. bovis strain. Safety was assessed through clinical observation and histopathology. Immune responses were monitored using interferon-gamma (IFNγ) enzyme-linked immu­nosorbent assay, and protection was evaluated through organ damage indices, bacterial load, and survival rates over a 12-month period. Both formulations were safe and well-tolerated in guinea pigs and calves, with no adverse clinical signs. The non-adjuvanted vaccine induced the highest and most sustained IFNγ response, peaking between 2 and 5 months post-vac­cination. In guinea pigs, the protection index reached +0.60 lg in the non-adjuvanted group versus +0.2 lg in the adjuvanted group. In calves, lung bacterial load was reduced to 1.83–1.93 lg colony-forming unit (CFU) in vaccinated animals compared with 5.8 lg CFU in unvaccinated controls. Histopathological examination confirmed minimal tissue damage in the vaccinated groups. Both vaccine formulations demonstrated protective efficacy equivalent to or better than BCG, with the non-adju­vanted version showing superior performance. This novel influenza vector-based vaccine expressing ESAT-6 and TB10.4 antigens elicits strong, long-lasting cellular immunity and provides significant protection against M. bovis infection in guinea pigs and calves. The adjuvant-free formulation demonstrated higher immunogenicity, simplified production, and minimal adverse reactions, positioning it as a promising alternative to BCG for bTB control in livestock.

Pregnancy induces significant anatomical and physiological changes, many of which are regulated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Heart rate variability (HRV) is a well-established non-invasive tool for assessing ANS activity. While changes in heart rate (HR) and HRV during the third-trimester of equine pregnancy are documented, there is limited understanding of cardiac autonomic adaptations during the early stages of gestation. This study aimed to compare HR and time-domain HRV parameters between healthy non-pregnant mares and those in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. A total of 45 Thai native crossbred mares were enrolled and divided into three groups: Non-pregnant (n = 5), first-trimester pregnant (0–114 days; n = 18), and second-trimester pregnant (115–226 days; n = 22). All mares were clinically healthy and free from cardiac abnormalities. Electrocardiographic data were collected using a Holter electrocardiogram system over a 15 min period at rest, and HRV was analyzed using time-domain measures: Standard deviation of all NN intervals (SDNN), SDNN index, root mean square of successive differences, standard deviation of 5-min mean NN intervals, percentage of successive NN intervals >50 ms, and vasovagal tonus index (VVTI). Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U-tests. HR was significantly higher in first-trimester pregnant mares compared to non-pregnant mares (p < 0.05), and even higher in the second-trimester compared to the first (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences among the groups in any of the HRV parameters or VVTI. The findings indicate that cardiovascular adaptation during early pregnancy in mares is characterized by a progressive increase in HR, likely reflecting increased cardiac output to support fetal development. However, the lack of significant changes in time-domain HRV parameters and VVTI suggests that ANS balance is maintained during the first and second trimesters. These results provide valuable reference values for equine reproductive monitoring and contribute to a better understanding of physiological changes in early gestation.

Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) has long been valued for its culinary and medicinal uses. C. sativum essential oil (CsEO), particularly linalool-rich chemotypes, exhibits diverse biological activities; however, integrated evalu­ations encompassing neurological, inflammatory, and molecular targets remain limited. This study aimed to chemically characterize Peruvian CsEO and assess its anticonvulsant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, alongside those of pure linalool, while elucidating potential mechanisms through cytokine modulation and molecular docking of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. CsEO was extracted from Peruvian coriander seeds through steam distillation and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity was quantified using the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz­thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay. Anticonvulsant effects were tested in BALB/c mice using the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model, analgesic activity through the acetic acid-induced writhing test, and anti-inflammatory effects in Holtzman rats using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Molecular docking evaluated linalool’s binding affinity to COX-1 and COX-2 relative to standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. GC-MS identified linalool as the major constituent (59.80%), alongside α-pinene (8.65%), camphor (8.48%), and γ-terpinene (7.09%). CsEO demonstrated potent antioxidant activity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 32.04 μg/mL), exceeding that of linalool alone (IC50 = 152.29 μg/mL). Significant anticonvulsant effects occurred at 200 mg/kg for both CsEO and linalool, increasing seizure latency by up to 87.20% and reducing seizure frequency by ~43%. In analgesic assays, linalool (200 mg/kg) achieved a 93.80% writhing reduction, comparable to tramadol, while CsEO showed strong but slightly lower efficacy. CsEO (200 mg/kg) inhibited carrageenan-induced edema by 51.35% at 4 h, reduced IL-1β by 49.8%, and IL-6 by 26.5%, effects comparable to ibuprofen. Docking revealed moderate linalool affinity for COX-1 (−5.70 kcal/mol) and COX-2 (−6.10 kcal/mol), sharing key hydrophobic interactions with reference drugs. Peruvian CsEO, characterized by a distinctive linalool-rich chemotype, exhibits significant multi-target pharma­cological activities, with synergistic contributions from minor constituents enhancing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Its integrated efficacy profile and favorable safety indicators highlight CsEO as a promising phytotherapeutic candi­date for managing seizures, pain, and inflammation. Further studies should explore chronic models, pharmacokinetics, and formulation strategies to optimize clinical applicability.

Stallion sexual behavior during semen collection can be influenced by multiple factors, yet the role of sexual arousal intensity remains underexplored. Understanding how arousal modulates behavioral and physiological reproductive traits is essential for improving artificial insemination (AI) efficiency and semen quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sexual arousal intensity, age, origin, and semen collection method on stallion sexual behavior and the quality of fresh and frozen semen. Thirteen Arabian stallions (7 Tunisian, 6 foreign parentage) aged 6–20 years (total ejaculates = 49) were assessed during semen collection using either a dummy or an estrous mare. Sexual arousal intensity was scored on a four-point scale (− to +++). Behavioral responses, mounting and erection parameters, and semen traits were recorded. Fresh semen was evaluated for volume, motility, concentration, and morphology; frozen semen was assessed for motility, viability, membrane integrity, and abnormalities. Data were analyzed using multifactorial analysis of variance with signifi­cance at p < 0.05. High arousal (+++) increased vocalizations, anogenital sniffing, and Flehmen responses (p < 0.05) but prolonged preparation time (p = 0.05). Low arousal (−/+) prolonged full erection duration (p < 0.01) and improved sperm motility in fresh and frozen semen (p < 0.01). Stallions of foreign origin exhibited higher fresh semen motility (p < 0.01) but required longer preparation and collection times (p < 0.05). The estrous mare method improved fresh semen motility and concen­tration (p < 0.05) but did not affect frozen semen traits. Younger stallions produced larger semen volumes, but had higher abnormal sperm counts in fresh samples, whereas older stallions showed more abnormalities post-freezing (p < 0.01). Sexual arousal intensity significantly modulates both behavioral and semen quality parameters in stallions. Lower arousal is associated with prolonged erection and superior sperm motility, suggesting dissociation between behav­ioral excitement and physiological semen traits. Collection from an estrous mare can enhance fresh semen motility, though the dummy remains safer for handlers. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring semen collection protocols to individual stallion profiles to optimize AI outcomes.

Rabbits are increasingly valued in tropical livestock systems for their efficient feed conversion, high-quality meat, and adaptability to small-to-medium scale farming. Genetic selection using molecular markers, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes, offers a powerful tool to enhance carcass yield and meat quality. The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) gene, a regulator of energy balance and feed intake, has been associated with growth and carcass traits in various livestock but remains underexplored in tropical rabbit production systems. This study aimed to investigate the association between MC4R SNPs and economically important carcass traits in three commercial rabbit breeds, New Zealand White (NZW), Hyla, and Hycole, raised under tropical conditions in Indonesia. Thirty-five male rabbits (10 NZW, 11 Hyla, 14 Hycole; aged 3–4 months) were selected from 621 bucks. DNA was extracted from blood samples, and a 127-base pair MC4R fragment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced for SNP detection. Carcass traits measured included hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, ref­erence weight, carcass percentage, meat-to-bone ratio, and five commercial cut points (CP1–CP5). Association analysis between MC4R genotypes (AA, AG, GG) and carcass traits was performed using a general linear model, considering breed and genotype × breed interactions. An SNP at position 519 (G>A) produced three genotypes. GG-genotype rabbits exhibited the highest carcass per­centage (57.0%) and superior CP2 weight (0.12 ± 0.03 kg) and percentage (10.67 ± 1.53%), with significant genotype effects (p < 0.05) for CP2 weight and CP1 percentage. Breed effects were significant for carcass percentage and CP1 percentage (p < 0.05), while genotype × breed interactions significantly influenced CP2 traits (p < 0.01). The G allele showed a positive association with forequarter meat yield, suggesting its utility in marker-assisted selection (MAS). MC4R polymorphism at position 519 is significantly associated with key carcass traits in commercial rabbits under tropical conditions. The GG genotype is linked to improved carcass yield, particularly in CP2 traits, although effects vary by breed. Incorporating this SNP into MAS programs can enhance meat production efficiency and carcass quality in tropical rabbit breeding.

Leptospirosis is a globally neglected zoonosis caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. It affects a wide range of animals and poses serious public and veterinary health risks. Backyard cattle systems, common across Latin America, are particularly vulnerable due to poor biosecurity and close animal–human–wildlife inter­faces. This study assessed the seroprevalence, spatial distribution, and risk factors associated with Leptospira infection in backyard cattle herds of central Chiapas, Mexico. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to September 2022 across five municipali­ties. A total of 590 serum samples were collected and analyzed using the microscopic agglutination test with six serovars. The geographical coordinates of production units (PUs) were recorded using a Global Positioning System (GPS), and spatial analysis was conducted with ArcGIS 10.5. Risk factor associations were evaluated through Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression using RStudio and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. The overall seroprevalence of Leptospira was 27.72% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 23.97%–31.75%), with the Portland Vere serovar being predominant (22.89%). Cintalapa exhibited the highest municipal seroprevalence (61.75%; odds ratio [OR] = 6.2). Logistic regression identified significant risk factors for seropositivity, including artificial insemination (OR = 2.43), use of Jagüey reservoirs (OR = 0.47), and cattle aged 3 years (OR = 0.54) or 8 years (OR = 1.98). The American Swiss × Holstein crossbreed was significantly associated with increased seroprevalence (OR = 3.15). The presence of dogs within PUs was significantly associated with Portland Vere seropositivity (OR = 3.82), highlighting a possible role in disease transmission. This study highlights a high burden of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola Portland Vere in backyard cattle of central Chiapas. Key risk factors include specific breeding methods, water sources, age, and breed. The integra­tion of serological surveillance, spatial mapping, and statistical modeling proved effective in identifying epidemiological hotspots and informing future One Health-based prevention strategies. The findings emphasize the need for enhanced disease surveillance, targeted control programs, and public health interventions tailored to small-scale cattle systems in tropical regions.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious transboundary animal disease affecting clo­ven-hoofed livestock, with significant economic and trade implications. Armenia lies within the West Eurasia and Middle East epidemiological pool, where serotypes O, A, Asia-1, and occasionally SAT-2 circulate. Despite decades of control efforts, the historical epidemiology of FMD in Armenia has not been comprehensively documented. This study aimed to conduct a 65-year retrospective analysis of FMD in Armenia to characterize serotype distribution, outbreak patterns, vaccination strat­egies, and diagnostic advancements, and to identify priorities for progression in the progressive control pathway (PCP-FMD). Data from 1958 to 2023 were compiled from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) agri­cultural archives, national veterinary records, World Organization for Animal Health/World Reference Laboratory for FMD reports, and peer-reviewed literature. Serotype identification, outbreak frequency, and species involvement were analyzed using descriptive statistics, heatmaps, and geographic information system (GIS) mapping. Diagnostic evolution from com­plement fixation testing to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and viral protein 1 (VP1) sequencing was documented. Vaccination protocols were traced from early monovalent campaigns to cur­rent polyvalent strategies. Between 1958 and 2023, Armenia recorded over 1 million FMD cases, with peaks in 1966 (591,820 cases) and 1973 (471,263 cases). Serotypes O, A, Asia-1, and SAT-1 were detected, with serotype O predominating. Outbreaks declined significantly after the 1980s, coinciding with mass vaccination, improved diagnostics, and targeted biosecurity measures. Notable milestones included integration of the A/Armenia/98 strain into vaccines (1999) and adoption of polyvalent vac­cines containing the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage (2016). No outbreaks have been reported since 2016. Armenia’s sustained control of FMD reflects adaptive vaccination strategies, early serotype detection, and regional cooperation. Progression from PCP-FMD Stage 2 to Stage 3 will require enhanced vaccination coverage, expanded surveillance, and strengthened veterinary infrastructure. Historical lessons from Armenia’s control strategies may inform FMD management in similar transboundary risk zones.

Canine babesiosis, primarily caused by Babesia canis vogeli in Thailand, is a significant tick-borne disease of veterinary concern. Molecular diagnostics targeting the 18S rRNA gene have enhanced detection sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional methods. This study aimed to identify and characterize B. canis vogeli in naturally infected dogs in Khon Kaen, Thailand, to compare the diagnostic performance of two primer sets (Bab7/Bab9 and Babf/Babc), and to perform phylogenetic analysis of the isolates. A total of 159 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples from client-owned dogs presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Khon Kaen University, between July and October 2024, were examined. Samples under­went Giemsa-stained blood smear microscopy and PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA gene using both primer sets. Positive amplicons were sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically using the Maximum Likelihood method. Limit of detection (LOD), sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) were calculated for each primer set using sequence-confirmed results as the reference. Microscopy detected B. canis in 19/159 (11.9%) of samples, while PCR increased detection to 23/159 (14.47%). Babf/Babc detected all positive cases (100% sensitivity), while Bab7/Bab9 detected 95.65% of positives. Both primer sets achieved 100% specificity and PPV, with an equal LOD of 105 DNA copies. Bab7/Bab9 also amplified Hepatozoon canis at a distinct amplicon size (503 base pair). Sequence analysis confirmed all Babesia-positive samples as B. canis vogeli, showing 96.34%–100% identity with global isolates. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the sequences with B. canis vogeli from multiple geographic regions, revealing minimal intraspecific variation. B. canis vogeli was the only subspecies identified in naturally infected dogs in Khon Kaen during the study period. Babf/Babc demonstrated superior diagnostic sensitivity for B. canis vogeli, whereas Bab7/Bab9 offered broader detection, including H. canis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close genetic relationships with isolates worldwide. These find­ings support the use of Babf/Babc for specific diagnosis and Bab7/Bab9 for broader screening in endemic regions.

Insect-derived proteins are gaining attention as sustainable pet food ingredients, but the use of cricket protein hydrolysate (CPH) in canine diets remains underexplored. This study evaluated the effects of CPH on diet palatability, physiological responses, and antioxidant potential for shelf-life extension in commercial dog food. Thirty-two healthy adult dogs were assigned to four diets containing 0%, 2%, 4%, or 6% CPH for a 30-day feeding trial. Palatability was assessed through a two-bowl preference test, while biochemical, hematological, and fecal parameters were measured pre- and post-trial. Antioxidant efficacy was evaluated by monitoring acid value (AV) and peroxide value (PV) during accelerated storage (55°C for 46 days, simulating 12 months). Nutritional adequacy was con­firmed through proximate and amino acid analysis. The 2% CPH diet significantly improved palatability, with a 57% increase in intake compared to control (p < 0.05), whereas higher inclusions (4% and 6%) reduced acceptance due to bitterness from hydrophobic peptides. All health param­eters remained within reference ranges, though the 6% CPH diet lowered serum glucose (87.0 vs. 112.0 mg/dL; p < 0.001) and increased blood urea nitrogen (11.0 mg/dL; p = 0.0023). Antioxidant activity increased with CPH level, with 6% CPH reducing PV by 33% after 46 days (p < 0.05). CPH lacked certain essential amino acids, notably tryptophan, requiring com­plementary protein supplementation. CPH is a multifunctional ingredient that can enhance palatability and oxidative stability in dog diets at moderate inclusion (2%). High inclusion levels improve antioxidant capacity but may impair sensory acceptance and alter metabolic markers. Long-term safety, allergenicity, and flavor-masking strategies warrant further study.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious enteric pathogen causing severe diar­rhea and high mortality in neonatal piglets. Maternal lactogenic immunity, conveyed through colostrum and milk, is essen­tial for protection; however, sow-derived antibodies may be insufficient in certain production systems. This study aimed to produce PEDV-specific hyperimmune colostrum and milk from goats and evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of live-attenuated and inactivated PEDV vaccines. Preliminary safety trials were performed in male goats (n = 6) to monitor clinical signs and adverse reactions after intramuscular vaccination. Ten pregnant Saanen goats were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 5 each) and immunized twice, 8 and 4 weeks before parturition, with either live-attenuated (1 × 105 50% tissue culture infectious dose [TCID50]/mL) or inactivated (1 × 106 TCID50/mL) PEDV vaccine. Serum was collected on days 0 and 28 post-vaccination, and colostrum/milk samples were obtained on days 0, 2, 7, and 14 postpartum for virus neutralization (VN) assays. Fecal samples were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect viral shedding. Both vaccines were well tolerated, with only transient fever observed in three goats. No severe adverse reac­tions occurred in pregnant goats. The live-attenuated vaccine elicited higher VN titers in serum (peak 1:32) and colostrum (peak 1:2048) compared with the inactivated vaccine (serum peak 1:16; colostrum peak 1:512). Day 0 colostrum titers were significantly greater in the live vaccine group (p = 0.028). Although titers remained higher in this group on days 2, 7, and 14, differences were not statistically significant. Viral RNA shedding was absent in the inactivated group and transient in the live group, persisting up to 7 days in one goat. Vaccination of pregnant goats with live-attenuated or inactivated PEDV vaccines is safe and induces PEDV-specific antibodies in colostrum and milk. The live-attenuated vaccine generated the highest titers, indicating potential for producing goat-derived hyperimmune colostrum as an alternative passive immunization strategy for neonatal piglets. Field trials are warranted to confirm protective efficacy and explore integration into PEDV control programs.

Enhancing poultry reproductive performance is essential for improving productivity and addressing protein shortages in developing regions. Yoruba ecotype chickens (YECs) are resilient but limited in commercial potential due to small body size and low egg yield. This study assessed the fertilizing potential of YEC × Sussex (SS) crossbred cocks by integrating conventional reproductive morphometrics with seminal plasma metabolite profiling to identify potential biomarkers of sperm quality. Thirty 24-week-old YEC × SS cocks (2842.86 ± 137.33 g) were evaluated over 28 days. Semen was collected through abdominal massage, and semen volume, sperm concentration, and testosterone levels (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were recorded. Testicular and epididymal morphometrics, densities, and sperm reserves were mea­sured. Seminal plasma metabolites were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pearson correlations and linear regression models were applied to predict testosterone concentration from semen and morphometric traits. The left testis was heavier (8.00 g) and larger in volume (12.77 mL) than the right (6.75 g; 1.35 mL). Spermatozoa reserves averaged 0.20 × 109, with a strong positive correlation with testis volume (r = 0.998, p < 0.01) and a moderate neg­ative correlation with daily sperm production (r = –0.585, p < 0.01). Testosterone concentration prediction from live weight, semen volume, and sperm concentration achieved high accuracy (R2 = 0.829). Thirteen seminal plasma metabolites were identified, including ascorbic acid, quercetin, epicatechin, citric acid, and procyanidin B2 – compounds linked to antioxidant defense, energy metabolism, and sperm viability. YEC × SS crossbred cocks exhibit favorable reproductive morphometrics, strong correlations between testis vol­ume and sperm reserves, and a metabolite profile enriched in fertility-enhancing antioxidants. Predictive models using basic semen traits can reliably estimate testosterone levels, while identified metabolites have potential as biochemical markers for breeding selection. Integrating morphometric and metabolomic profiling can refine breeding strategies, improve artifi­cial insemination outcomes, and enhance the genetic improvement of local poultry breeds.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disorder characterized by cartilage loss, sub­chondral bone remodeling, and chronic pain, and remains a leading cause of disability worldwide. Although radiographic imaging and behavioral testing are widely used in preclinical research, few studies have systematically examined their inter­dependence. This study aimed to radiologically characterize OA progression in rats induced by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) and to correlate structural alterations with functional and nociceptive outcomes, while exploring potential sex-specific differences and therapeutic responses to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Thirty-six Wistar rats (male and female) were divided into six experimental groups: Healthy controls, OA-induced untreated, and OA-induced meloxicam-treated. Over 28 days, animals underwent serial radiolog­ical assessments and validated behavioral tests, including weight-bearing, rotarod, and Von Frey assays. Statistical anal­yses employed analysis of variance with post hoc testing, ensuring methodological rigor with blinded evaluators and sex-stratified comparisons. Radiographs revealed classical OA features, joint space narrowing, subchondral bone sclerosis, and osteophyte for­mation, with progressive severity across timepoints. NSAID-treated males demonstrated significant improvement in motor coordination and nociceptive thresholds on days 7 and 14 (p < 0.001), whereas females exhibited only modest or delayed responses despite more severe radiological deterioration. Importantly, structural joint damage did not consistently align with behavioral impairments, underscoring a dissociation between radiographic severity and clinical-like manifestations. This study provides an integrated evaluation of structural and functional outcomes in experimental OA, high­lighting a complex relationship between radiological changes and behavioral impairments. The findings emphasize the necessity of multimodal assessment strategies in preclinical OA models and reveal sex-specific differences in disease progres­sion and therapeutic response. These insights are crucial for refining translational strategies, advocating for sex-conscious approaches and combined structural-functional endpoints in OA research and drug development.

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) remains a pervasive and economically significant disease in the dairy indus­try worldwide. In Indonesia, its prevalence has been amplified by poor management and environmental conditions, with incidence further exacerbated by the 2022–2023 foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak. This study aimed to investigate the hematological and blood mineral profiles of dairy cows with varying severities of SCM in West Java, thereby identifying disease-associated alterations that may improve detection and management strategies. A total of 155 blood samples and 620 milk samples were collected from Holstein-Friesian dairy cows across five high-density dairy regions in West Java between July and November 2024. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were determined using the Breed method and cows were categorized into three groups: Group A (0–100 × 103 cells/mL), group B (100–400 × 103 cells/mL), and group C (>400 × 103 cells/mL). Hematological profiles were assessed using an auto­mated analyzer, while serum calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) concentrations were measured through atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis, and Spearman’s correlation tests. Elevated SCC was associated with significant increases in total leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes (p < 0.05), with a higher prevalence of leukocytosis (26.23%), neutrophilia (15.15%), and lymphocytosis (21.88%) observed in group C cows. Blood Ca levels increased significantly with SCC (r = 0.31, p < 0.01), despite overall hypocalcemia being widespread (44.78%–73.81%). Erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit showed declining trends with rising SCC, though not statistically significant. No significant correlation was observed between SCC and P levels. Increased leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and Ca levels are strongly linked to elevated SCC in SCM. These blood-based parameters, particularly leukocyte and Ca profiles, show promise as alternative diagnostic indicators under low-resource conditions where SCC testing is limited. This study presents one of the most comprehensive datasets on post-FMD SCM in Indonesian dairy herds, highlighting the potential for developing low-cost diagnostic markers to enhance early detection and improve herd management.

Brucellosis remains a globally significant zoonotic disease with significant public health and eco­nomic implications. While domestic pigs are absent in Iraq due to religious restrictions, wild pigs (Sus scrofa) represent a potential reservoir for zoonotic pathogens, including Brucella suis. Despite this, no prior investigations have assessed the prevalence of swine brucellosis in Iraq. This study aimed to (i) determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis in wild pigs using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), (ii) evaluate associated risk factors such as age, sex, and region, and (iii) con­firm infection and characterize isolates through molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis. Between September 2022 and January 2024, venous blood samples (n = 42) from recently killed wild pigs in Wasit province were analyzed. Sera were screened using ELISA, while DNA was extracted and tested with con­ventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Positive isolates were sequenced and compared to reference strains in GenBank using phylogenetic analysis. Statistical associations with risk factors were assessed using odds ratios and relative risk. ELISA detected anti-Brucella antibodies in 54.76% of samples, with mild (39.13%), moderate (34.78%), and severe (26.09%) infections. Molecular assays revealed B. suis DNA in 33.33% of samples by PCR and 45.24% by qPCR. Seropositivity was significantly higher in pigs aged 2–4 years (73.33%) compared with <2 years (38.1%) and >4 years (66.67%) (p < 0.05). Female pigs exhibited a higher prevalence (57.58%) than males (44.44%), and animals from Al-Numaniyah showed the highest rates (73.68%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed 98.87%–99.76% similarity with Indian B. suis strains (MF173089.1), characterized by minor nucleotide variations. This study provides the first molecular evidence of B. suis in wild pigs in Iraq, underscoring their role as potential reservoirs for zoonotic transmission. The findings highlight the importance of integrating molecular diagnostics with serology for accurate surveillance. Strengthening One Health strategies, including wildlife monitoring, biosecurity, and public health education, is critical to preventing spillover to domestic animals and humans. Further large-scale investiga­tions are warranted to better characterize the epidemiology of swine brucellosis in the region.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing One Health threat driven by the excessive use of antimi­crobials (AMs) in human and veterinary medicine. Recognizing this, the European Green Deal’s Farm to Fork (F2F) strategy set a target to reduce veterinary AM sales by 50% by 2030 compared to 2018 levels. Understanding the performance of European Union (EU) Member States (MS) is critical to evaluate progress and identify gaps. This study assesses the perfor­mance of EU-27 MS in reducing veterinary AM sales during the progress period (2018–2022) and estimates their likelihood of achieving the 2030 reduction target. Data from the European Medicines Agency (European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption) and Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Strategic Plans were analyzed. Indicators included AM sales (mg/pop­ulation correction units [PCUs]), trends from 2018–2022, and national targets for CAP Strategic Plans result indicator R.43 (“Limiting antimicrobial use”). MS were grouped by performance level, strong, average, limited, or insufficient, using the zero unitarization method, and results were visualized with color-coded classifications. Between 2018 and 2022, AM sales for food-producing animals declined by 31% across the EU, with notable reduc­tions in Portugal (−57%), Malta (−48%), France (−44%), and Latvia (−43%). However, sales increased in Poland (+7%) and Lithuania (+36%), and the largest absolute sales remained concentrated in Spain, Poland, Italy, and Germany (over 70% of total EU sales). PCU analyses revealed uneven intensity of AM use, with Spain and Poland showing high usage rates, while Germany and France demonstrated more efficient use. During the progress period, 20 MS were rated as strong contrib­utors, while three MS showed limited contributions. For the target period (2023–2030), only six MS (e.g., Italy, Romania, Latvia, and Malta) are projected to maintain strong contributions, whereas seven MS, including Poland, Lithuania, and Denmark, are unlikely to achieve the target. The EU-27 achieved substantial reductions in AM sales during 2018–2022, yet performance remains uneven across MS. While some countries have already met or are close to the 2030 target, others require accelerated policy inter­ventions, veterinary stewardship, and stronger CAP alignment. Achieving the EU-wide 50% reduction by 2030 will depend heavily on high-consumption MS adopting best practices from leading countries.

Climate change and global warming have intensified the challenges of heat stress (HS) in mammals, compromising thermoregulation, hydration, and physiological stability. Functional waters such as alkaline reduced water (ALKA), Zamzam water (ZMZM), and ozonated water (OZON) have been proposed to provide therapeutic and protective benefits. However, limited research has explored their roles in thermoregulation under chronic HS. This study investigated the effects of ALKA, ZMZM, and OZON on thermophysiology, serum metabolites, and intestinal morphology in Wistar rats exposed to variable thermal climates. Seventy male Wistar rats (8 weeks old, 180–200 g) were randomized into five groups (n = 14): Control, distilled water (DIST), ALKA, ZMZM, and OZON. The experiment lasted 71 days, consisting of thermoneutral zone (TNZ; days 0–7), HS (32.3 ± 0.8°C; days 8–35), and a return to TNZ (days 36–71). Core body temperature (Tcore) was moni­tored using thermal microchips and loggers. Daily water intake, body weight, serum biochemical markers, and intestinal villi morphology were evaluated. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and general linear model procedures. HS induced hyperthermia and increased daily water intake by 69.2% across all groups. ZMZM significantly reduced Tcore, especially at night, and increased water intake during HS. OZON consumption elevated water intake during TNZ, reduced serum creatinine, and enhanced alkaline phosphatase levels, while both OZON and DIST groups exhibited elevated antidiuretic hormone levels. ALKA intake significantly reduced serum sodium+ and chloride− levels under post-HS TNZ. Histological analysis revealed that ZMZM markedly increased villus length, width, and crypt depth in the duodenum, jeju­num, and ileum, indicating enhanced intestinal absorptive capacity. ZMZM demonstrated superior thermoregulatory and intestinal benefits, supporting hydration, physiological recovery, and intestinal health during and after HS. OZON showed nephroprotective and metabolic modulation potential, while alkaline water contributed to electrolyte regulation. These findings highlight the potential of functional waters as supportive strategies against HS, warranting further translational studies in livestock and humans.

Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) production is vital for food security in Andean countries and increasingly relevant in parts of Africa. Optimizing nutrient utilization is critical to enhance productivity, farmer income, and sustain­ability. This study employed a multivariate approach to evaluate crude protein and energy digestibility and metabolism in Peruvian guinea pigs under different feeding regimens (maintenance, restricted, and ad libitum) at various ages. Forty-two male guinea pigs were housed individually in metabolic cages and fed a pelleted diet formulated according to the National Research Council (1995) recommendations. Digestibility and metabolism trials were conducted at 52, 90, and 145 days of age across three feeding levels. Variables including dry matter intake (DMI), gross energy intake (GEI), digestible energy, metabolizable energy (ME), crude protein intake (CPI), and retained protein (RP) were measured. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering to identify intake-efficiency patterns. DMI, GEI, and CPI increased significantly with age and feeding level, strongly correlating with body weight (r > 0.7). Protein retention efficiency (RP/CPI) was highest at maintenance feeding (83.5%) but declined to 73.6% in ad libitum-fed animals at 145 days, indicating protein catabolism when intake exceeded requirements. In contrast, energy metabolizability (ME/GE) peaked under ad libitum feeding (79.5% at 90 days). PCA revealed that PC1 (48.5% variance) was associated with intake and growth, whereas PC2 (18.1%) was linked to metabolic efficiency of protein and energy. Cluster analysis distin­guished three groups by feeding level and age, confirming that higher intake reduced protein utilization efficiency despite supporting faster growth. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that while ad libitum feeding maximized growth and energy metaboliz­ability, it reduced protein retention efficiency, emphasizing the need for balanced protein–energy ratios tailored to the physiological stage. These findings provide a framework for designing age- and intake-specific feeding strategies to enhance nutrient efficiency, meat production, and sustainability in guinea pig systems.

Newcastle disease (ND), caused by velogenic viscerotropic ND virus (VVNDV), remains a major threat to global poultry production, with outbreaks persisting even in vaccinated flocks. No approved antiviral therapy exists for ND, highlighting the urgent need for effective interventions. Favipiravir, a broad-spectrum RNA polymerase inhibitor, has shown promise against several RNA viruses. This study evaluated the toxicity, antiviral efficacy, and molecular mechanisms of favipiravir against VVNDV in an in ovo model. Specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs (9–10 days old) were inoculated with VVNDV and treated with graded doses of favipiravir (75–2280 mg/kg/egg biomass). Toxicity was assessed through embryo survival, relative weight, morphological scoring, biochemical markers, and histopathology of liver tissues. Antiviral efficacy was evaluated through embryo survival, growth, hemagglutination (HA) titers, and 50% egg infectious dose (EID50). Molecular docking was performed to characterize favipiravir’s interaction with viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Statistical analyses included Kruskal–Wallis, analysis of variance, and correlation tests. Favipiravir displayed dose-dependent toxicity, with the highest dose (2,280 mg/kg) significantly reducing embryo survival (p = 0.027) and inducing hepatic necrosis and elevated alkaline phosphatase and urea levels. In contrast, therapeutic doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg achieved 100% embryo survival, significant weight gains, and complete viral suppression, with undetectable HA activity and EID50 values. Favipiravir demonstrated antiviral efficacy by suppressing viral replication and conferring protection against VVNDV. Docking analysis revealed a strong binding affinity of favipiravir to RdRp, primarily mediated by electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding with residues Arg1189, Tyr1192, and Ser1288, suggesting inhibition of viral RNA synthesis. This study provides the first in ovo evidence of favipiravir’s efficacy against VVNDV, demonstrating complete viral inhibition at optimized doses while emphasizing the importance of dose-dependent toxicity monitoring. These findings establish favipiravir as a promising antiviral candidate for ND virus control and potentially other RNA viruses of veterinary and One Health importance. Further in vivo and field-based studies are warranted to validate its safety, optimize dosing regimens, and evaluate large-scale applicability in poultry production.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious transboundary livestock disease that poses serious economic and food security threats. In Indonesia, recurrent outbreaks since 2022 have highlighted the urgent need for localized vaccines to ensure sustainable control. Inactivation is a critical step in the development of inactivated FMD vaccines. While formaldehyde (FA) and binary ethylenimine (BEI) have been used individually or in combination for virus inactivation, their efficacy against new outbreak strains requires reevaluation. This study aimed to determine the optimal FA-BEI concentration and incubation time for inactivating the FMD virus (FMDV) Gresik sample no.12 (GR12) strain, isolated during the third outbreak in Gresik, East Java. FMDV serotype O GR12 was propagated in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells, with titers deter­mined by tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50). Four FA-BEI formulations were evaluated: F1 (0.04% FA + 2 mM BEI), F2 (0.1% FA + 1 mM BEI), F3 (0.1% FA + 2 mM BEI), and F4 (0.2% FA + 1 mM BEI). Inactivation was conducted at 37°C with sampling at 24, 48, and 72 h. Validation was performed through three sequential blind passages on BHK-21 monolayers, and cytopathic effects (CPEs) were scored and statistically analyzed. FMDV GR12 propagated successfully in BHK-21 cells with titers of approximately 1.9 × 108 TCID50/mL. All FA-BEI combinations reduced CPE formation at 48 and 72 h; however, only F4 (0.2% FA + 1 mM BEI) achieved complete inactivation, showing no CPE across all passages after 72 h. Increasing BEI concentration alone did not significantly enhance inactivation. Statistical analysis confirmed that F4 was significantly more effective (p < 0.05) than other formulations. The combination of 0.2% FA and 1 mM BEI at 37°C for 72 h effectively inactivated FMDV GR12, establishing a baseline protocol for strain-specific inactivation in Indonesia. This study underscores the necessity of tailoring inactiva­tion strategies to emerging FMDV strains and provides a practical foundation for localized vaccine production. Limitations include reliance solely on CPE validation; future studies should assess antigenic integrity and immunogenicity of inactivated viral proteins to ensure vaccine efficacy.

Blood transfusion in camels is hindered by poorly understood blood group systems, non-specific agglutinins, and a lack of standardized cross-matching protocols. Non-specific agglutinins, primarily immunoglobulin M (IgM), can lead to cross-reactivity, while complement components C3 and C5a impact transfusion outcomes and immune responses. This study aimed to evaluate age- and phenotype-related variations in non-specific agglutinins, C3, and C5a in camels to assess implications for transfusion compatibility and innate immunity. A total of 360 healthy male camels representing three phenotypes (black, yellow, and white) and four age groups (3–5, 5–8, 8–10, and >10 years) were sampled from slaughterhouses in Saudi Arabia. Serum agglutinin titers were determined using hemagglutination assays with heterologous red blood cells (RBCs). Heat inactivation (56°C, 30 min) and sheep RBC (SRBC) adsorption were applied to assess antibody specificity. C3 and C5a concentrations were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analyses employed analysis of variance with Tukey’s post hoc test (p<0.05). Yellow camels exhibited the highest agglutinin titers (up to 1338.4 ± 119.3 against black RBCs), with significant age-related increases. White camels showed the lowest reactivity but demonstrated marked age-related increase in C3 (3.252 ± 0.578 to 4.829 ± 0.983 μg/mL) and C5a (2.776–3.525 μg/mL). Black camels displayed moderate complement levels, peaking in older animals. Heat inactivation and SRBC adsorption substantially reduced titers across all phenotypes, confirming IgM dominance. Age-related increases in agglutinins and complement components indicated immune matura­tion or cumulative antigen exposure. Phenotypic and age-related immune differences significantly affect transfusion compatibility in camels. Yellow camels’ high agglutinin activity poses greater transfusion risks, whereas white camels’ lower reactivity and higher com­plement activity suggest potential as universal donors. Age-adjusted and phenotype-matched transfusion protocols, pre-transfusion heat inactivation, and monitoring C5a in older camels could enhance transfusion safety. This is the first comprehensive study linking camel phenotype and age to complement activation (C3 and C5a), providing a framework for improved transfusion practices and future genomic research into complement-related traits.

Major depressive disorder is a prevalent psychiatric condition associated with impaired neuroplas­ticity, particularly in the hippocampus. Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed, their delayed onset and adverse effects highlight the need for alternative therapies. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotomi­metic cannabinoid, has shown antidepressant-like properties, but its mechanistic link to hippocampal synaptic plasticity remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of CBD on depression-like behaviors and hippocampal neuroplas­ticity in rats subjected to chronic restraint stress (CRS). Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: Non-stressed vehicle (NV), CRS vehi­cle (SV), escitalopram-treated CRS (SE, 10 mg/kg), and CBD-treated CRS at 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg (SC10, SC30, and SC100). Rats were subjected to CRS for 28 days and treated daily through intraperitoneal injection. Depression-like behaviors were assessed using the forced swim test (FST) and sucrose preference test (SPT). Locomotor activity was evaluated through the open-field test (OFT). Hippocampal dendritic spine density (Golgi–Cox staining) and long-term potentiation (LTP, electro­physiology) were measured on day 28. CRS induced behavioral despair (↑ immobility in FST) and anhedonia (↓ sucrose preference in SPT), accompanied by reduced hippocampal spine density. At all doses, CBD significantly reduced immobility, comparable to escitalopram. Notably, only CBD at 100 mg/kg and escitalopram reversed anhedonia. All CBD-treated groups showed an increase in den­dritic spine density, with SC10 producing the greatest enhancement. Moreover, CBD at 100 mg/kg markedly improved hippocampal LTP at 1 h and 2 h post-stimulation, an effect not observed with escitalopram. Locomotor activity remained unaffected. CBD demonstrated potent antidepressant-like effects in a CRS rat model, alleviating behavioral despair and anhedonia while enhancing hippocampal dendritic spine density and synaptic strength. These findings suggest CBD as a promising candidate for stress-related mood disorders, with mechanistic actions distinct from conventional SSRIs and potential utility in patients unresponsive to current therapies.

The widespread use of antibiotics in livestock production enhances growth and prevents disease but contributes to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and food contamination through residual accumulation in animal-derived products. Limited national-level data exist for Kazakhstan, where livestock farming is a major agricultural sector. This study aimed to evaluate antibiotic residues in meat and feed samples collected from across Kazakhstan and assess their implications for public health and food safety. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between December 2023 and March 2025 across 14 regions of Kazakhstan. A total of 1,026 meat samples (beef, horse, chicken, lamb, and pork) and 150 feed samples (succulent, coarse, concentrated) were collected from licensed facilities. Samples were processed under standard protocols and analyzed using the Evidence Investigator biochip system (Randox, UK), employing Antimicrobial Array I Ultra and Antimicrobial Array II Plus panels. Statistical analyses, including analysis of variance, were performed using International Business Machine Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v25, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Residual antibiotics were detected in all categories of meat and feed, with several concentrations exceeding permissible limits. Succulent feeds showed the highest contamination (streptomycin 86.43 ppb; quinolones 35.56 ppb). Among meats, chicken contained the highest residue levels (quinolones up to 91.97 ppb; streptomycin up to 492.00 ppb), followed by beef (sulfadimethoxine 18.26 ppb; dapsone up to 285.14 ppb). Statistically significant differences were observed among meat types for quinolones (p = 0.000), ceftiofur (p = 0.000), thiamphenicol (p = 0.003), tylosin (p = 0.000), and tetra­cyclines (p = 0.005). Streptomycin levels varied widely but were not statistically significant (p = 0.072). The findings highlight uncontrolled antibiotic use in Kazakhstan’s livestock sector, particularly in poultry farming. The presence of elevated antibiotic residues in meat and feed underscores urgent food safety concerns and the potential acceleration of AMR. Strengthened regulatory oversight, strict adherence to drug withdrawal periods, and adoption of sustainable alternatives such as probiotics and phytogenic feed additives are crucial. Establishing a national monitoring program and expanding laboratory surveillance capacity are essential steps to safeguard public health and promote safe, sustainable livestock production.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a major economic threat to the global swine industry, causing reproductive losses and severe respiratory illness. Accurate and cost-effective diagnostic tools are essential for timely detection and genetic monitoring, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study aimed to (i) establish a nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay targeting the open reading frame 7 (ORF7) gene to detect and differentiate PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2, and (ii) refine the genetic classification of PRRSV-2 strains circulating in Thailand through ORF5-based phylogenetic analysis. A nested RT-PCR assay was developed using external primers for general PRRSV detection and internal primers specific to PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. Analytical specificity was assessed against modified-live vaccines, clinical isolates, and heterologous swine viruses (swine influenza virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus). Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated using 96 clinical serum samples and compared with a commercial real-time RT-PCR kit. To confirm genotyping capability, ORF7-positive samples underwent ORF5 sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In addition, 386 complete ORF5 sequences (2000–2023) from Thai isolates and global references were analyzed using maximum likelihood methods to refine lineage and sublineage classification. The nested ORF7 RT-PCR assay demonstrated high specificity without cross-amplification and achieved 100% con­cordance with real-time RT-PCR, confirming its diagnostic reliability. Among the clinical samples, PRRSV-1, PRRSV-2, and mixed infections were successfully detected. Sequencing confirmed strain identities and revealed close similarity with both endemic and vaccine-related strains. Phylogenetic analysis classified Thai PRRSV-2 strains into five lineages (L1, L5, L8, L9, L10) and five sublineages (L1I, L5A, L8C, L8E, L9D). Notably, this study is the first to report sublineages L8C and L9D in Thailand, while also documenting a lineage shift from L8E to L10 as the predominant circulating strain. The integration of nested ORF7 RT-PCR with ORF5-based phylogenetic analysis provides a sensitive, affordable, and reliable diagnostic platform for PRRSV detection and genetic classification. These findings enhance understanding of PRRSV-2 diversity in Thailand, highlight emerging sublineages, and underscore the importance of continuous molecular surveillance to inform vaccine strategies and disease control policies.

Sperm morphometry is a vital indicator of fertility, yet male germ cells are highly vulnerable to envi­ronmental toxins such as heavy metals. Dromedary camels (DCs) are frequently exposed to penile and preputial patholo­gies, conditions that can impair semen quality. This study aimed to assess epididymal sperm morphometric characteristics in camels with genital lesions and to explore their associations with concentrations of aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb). Sixty adult male DCs (8–10 years, n = 10/group) were classified into six groups: injury-free, bala­noposthitis, penile trauma, prolapsed prepuce, phimosis, and penile tumors. Blood samples were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Epididymal spermatozoa (caput, corpus, cauda) were evaluated for sperm length (SL), sperm head length (SHL), sperm head width (SHW), sperm head length-to-width ratio (SHL/W), and sperm tail length. Sperm abnormalities were categorized into proximal/distal cytoplasmic droplets and tail defects. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and correlation statistics. Sperm morphometrics varied significantly with pathological status. Camels with penile and preputial disorders exhibited increased SHW in caudal spermatozoa, while SHL and SHW were reduced in caput spermatozoa (p < 0.01). The phimosis group showed fewer abnormalities and lower total abnormal sperm, whereas the penile tumor group had ele­vated proximal and distal defects and the highest abnormality rate. Heavy metal analysis revealed significantly increased Zn and Ni concentrations in the penile tumor group, while Mo and Pb levels showed no significant differences. Correlation analysis indicated strong associations of Al and Zn with SHW and SHL/W in caudal spermatozoa, and Ni with SHL, SHW, and SHL/W in corpus spermatozoa (p < 0.05). Epididymal sperm morphometrics are influenced by penile and preputial pathologies and are signifi­cantly associated with Al, Zn, and Ni concentrations. These findings highlight the potential role of heavy metal accu­mulation in camel reproductive dysfunction and emphasize the need for monitoring environmental exposure in breeding regions.

Accurate prediction of body weight (BW) in goats is vital for breeding, feeding, drug administration, and marketing decisions, particularly in resource-limited farming systems where weighing scales are often unavailable. Traditional regression models have been applied but are limited by multicollinearity and non-linearity in body measurement data. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive performance of two machine learning (ML) approaches – Classification and Regression Trees (CART) and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) – for estimating BW in non-descript indigenous goats across birth, weaning, and yearling stages, compared with stepwise regression models. A total of 100 goats were assessed at three growth stages: Birth (24 h), weaning (4 months), and yearling (12 months). Linear body measurements, body length (BL), sternum height, heart girth (HG), rump height, and withers height, were recorded alongside BW. Correlation analyses, stepwise regression, CART, and MARS models were developed. Model performance was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r), Akaike information criterion (AIC), and relative root mean square error (RMSE). BW showed strong positive correlations with HG and BL across all stages, while associations varied with other mor­phometric traits. Stepwise regression models exhibited lower predictive power, as indicated by reduced R² values and higher RMSE and AIC scores. In contrast, ML approaches demonstrated superior accuracy. CART consistently outperformed MARS, with R2 values of 0.87, 0.94, and 0.99 at birth, weaning, and yearling, respectively. CART also exhibited the highest r values (up to 0.99) and lowest RMSE across training and test datasets. ML techniques, particularly CART, provide robust and reliable prediction of BW in non-descript indigenous goats, surpassing conventional regression methods. These approaches can guide practical herd management decisions, including optimized feed allocation, drug dosage, and breeding selection, especially in resource-limited settings. While the study underscores CART’s effectiveness, further validation with larger datasets and additional morphometric traits is rec­ommended to enhance generalizability.

Reproductive problems such as infertility, endometritis, and ovarian cysts are major causes of economic loss in cattle. Traditional treatments, including antibiotics and hormonal therapies, often show limited effectiveness and raise concerns about resistance and animal health. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer a promising alternative because of their ability to regenerate tissues, modulate immune responses, and improve reproductive function. This review summarizes recent studies and consolidates emerging preclinical and clinical insights into MSC-based reproductive therapy in cattle. MSCs help repair ovarian and uterine tissues by migrating to damaged areas, reducing inflammation, releasing growth factors, and protecting against oxidative stress. Different methods of therapy, such as intrauterine infusion, intravenous delivery, and intraovarian injection, have been tested with encouraging results. For example, MSC therapy has improved pregnancy rates in cattle with endometritis and restored ovarian activity in animals with cystic ovaries. In addition to cell-based therapies, MSC-derived secretomes and exosomes demonstrate strong potential as cell-free approaches, offering regenerative effects with reduced risks. Despite these advances, challenges remain in translating MSC therapy to clinical practice. Variability in outcomes, technical expertise required for administration, and regulatory approval are major barriers. More studies are needed to standardize treatment protocols, evaluate long-term safety, and develop cost-effective strategies. Overall, MSC therapy represents a novel and sustainable approach for improving cattle fertility and herd productivity, offering an import­ant step forward in veterinary reproductive biotechnology.

Mercury (hydrargyrum, Hg) exposure poses significant risks to human, animal, and environmental health due to its persistence and toxicity. Conventional chelating agents, though effective, are limited by adverse side effects and reduced efficacy in chronic exposure. Phosvitin (PSV), a highly phosphorylated protein from egg yolk with strong metal-binding capacity, offers potential as a natural detoxifying agent. This study aimed to evaluate, for the first time in vivo, the chelating efficacy of egg yolk-derived PSV against Hg toxicity in rats. PSV was isolated from Isa Brown hen egg yolks through ethanol precipitation and characterized for purity and antioxidant activity using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate–Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, Kjeldahl analysis, and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. Twenty-five male rats were exposed to Hg-contaminated fish feed (0.17 ppm for 14 days) and subsequently treated with commercial or isolated PSV at 10, 20, or 30 ppm for 4 weeks. Hematological indices, liver and kidney histopathology, and Hg accumulation in brain tissue were assessed. Data were analyzed using R software (v4.4.0), with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. The isolated PSV exhibited moderate antioxidant activity, comparable to that of commercial standards, with a purity of 51.68%. Hg exposure significantly increased white blood cell (WBC) and basophil counts, indicating immune activa­tion. PSV administration, particularly at 20 ppm, markedly reduced WBC and basophil levels, reflecting immunomodulatory activity. Histopathological analysis revealed reduced hepatic necrosis and milder liver damage in treated groups, with mod­est improvement in renal structure, though not statistically significant. Brain analysis showed decreased Hg accumulation in the 10 and 20 ppm PSV groups, while the 30 ppm group exhibited inconsistent effects. Egg yolk-derived PSV, especially at 20 ppm, effectively mitigated Hg-induced hematological, hepatic, and neu­ral toxicity, supporting its role as a safe natural chelator. These findings highlight its potential as a dietary intervention in Hg-exposed populations. Optimization of extraction methods, larger-scale studies, and long-term safety assessments are needed to advance its translational application in toxicology and public health.

Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most common food allergies, particularly in infants and young children, caused mainly by β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and caseins. Conventional methods to reduce milk allergenicity, including heat and pressure treatments, often compromise nutritional quality or lack industrial feasibility. Safe, natural approaches to allergen reduction are essential for both food safety and One Health perspectives, as CMA contributes to nutritional defi­ciencies and impacts global health. This study aimed to isolate and characterize proteolytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from Chinese dairy products and fermented foods, evaluate their ability to degrade major cow’s milk allergens, and assess their probiotic and safety profiles for application in hypoallergenic dairy products. Seventy-six LAB isolates were obtained from dairy and fermented foods and screened for pro­teolytic activity using skim milk agar and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The most active iso­lates were identified by phenotypic characterization and 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Probiotic potential was evaluated through in vitro gastrointestinal tolerance, bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, antimicrobial activity, and antibiotic susceptibil­ity. Safety was assessed through hemolytic activity and screening for virulence-associated genes. Seventy isolates exhibited proteolytic activity, of which 7 (S30, S44, S46, S52, S63, S67, and S76) showed strong hydrolysis of β-LG and β-casein. These were identified as Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus paracasei. Notably, L. rhamnosus S46 achieved complete degradation of β-LG while maintaining high survival (>83%) under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, with BSH activity and broad antimicrobial effects. Most isolates lacked virulence genes and hemolytic activity, except L. paracasei S67. Proteolytic LAB strains, particularly L. rhamnosus S46 and L. plantarum S52, exhibited strong allergen-degrad­ing activity, probiotic potential, and safety profiles, supporting their application in hypoallergenic dairy production. From a food safety and One Health perspective, these strains represent natural, functional alternatives for reducing milk allerge­nicity, improving consumer health, and supporting sustainable dairy innovation. However, in vivo validation and pilot-scale trials in real dairy systems are necessary to confirm industrial feasibility and consumer acceptance.