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Research Article | 21 May 2026

Sero-epidemiological profiling of duck viral hepatitis, avian influenza, and Newcastle disease in transboundary waterfowl populations along the Indonesia–Malaysia border of West Kalimantan

Eny Martindah1 ORCID , Sutiastuti Wahyuwardani1 ORCID , Sri Suryatmiati Prihandani1 ORCID , Harimurti Nuradji1 ORCID , Difa Widyasari2 ORCID , Ahmad Mike Ariyanto3 ORCID , Raphaella Widiastuti1 ORCID , Rini Damayanti1 ORCID , Atik Ratnawati1 ORCID , Andriani Andriani1 ORCID , and Muharam Saepulloh1 ORCID Show more
VETERINARY WORLD | Article No. 25 | pg no. 2160-2171 | Vol. 19, Issue 5 | DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2026.2160-2171
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ABSTRACT

                      
Background and Aim: Waterfowl, particularly Anas platyrhynchos and Cairina moschata, are important reservoirs and amplifiers of transboundary viral diseases, including Duck viral hepatitis (DVH), Avian influenza (AI), and Newcastle disease (ND). Despite their epidemiological significance, data from the Indonesia–Malaysia border region of West Kalimantan remain scarce. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and epidemiological patterns of DVH, AI, and ND in waterfowl populations in this high-risk transboundary interface. 
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Sambas, Bengkayang, and Sanggau districts using purposive sampling. A total of 211 serum samples from ducks and Muscovy ducks across 26 backyard flocks were analyzed. Antibodies against DVH were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas AI and ND antibodies were assessed using hemagglutination inhibition tests following World Organization for Animal Health guidelines. Clinical examination, gross pathology, and histopathology were performed to support serological findings. Statistical analyses included prevalence estimation, Chi-square tests, and univariate logistic regression, with significance set at p < 0.05. 
Results: No serological evidence of DVH was detected across all districts, species, or age groups, indicating an apparent absence of exposure in the study population. In contrast, AI and ND antibodies were detected with overall seroprevalence of 5.69% and 13.27%, respectively. ND showed a relatively uniform distribution across districts, whereas AI seroprevalence differed significantly, with the highest detection in Sanggau. Age-related trends suggested increased ND exposure in older birds, whereas AI exposure was higher in younger birds; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Clinicopathological findings, including hemorrhagic lesions and necrosis, were consistent with viral infections, particularly ND and AI, and supported serological evidence of circulating pathogens. 
Conclusion: The absence of DVH and the presence of AI and ND antibodies indicate differential circulation dynamics of major viral pathogens in waterfowl along the Indonesia–Malaysia border. These findings highlight the need for strengthened cross-border surveillance, improved vaccination strategies, and integrated One Health approaches to mitigate transboundary disease risks in backyard production systems. 
                      
Keywords: avian influenza, duck viral hepatitis, Newcastle disease, One Health, sero-epidemiology, transboundary surveillance, waterfowl, West Kalimantan.