doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.764-768
Share this article on [Facebook] [LinkedIn]
Article history: Received: 14-03-2017, Accepted: 20-05-2017, Published online: 10-07-2017
Corresponding author: Bijayendranath Mohanty
E-mail: bijayendranath@gmail.com
Citation: Roul TK, Panda MR, Mohanty B, Sardar KK, Dehuri M, Hembram A, Mohapatra T (2017) Effects of commonly used chemical fertilizers on development of free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus in experimentally infected pasture, Veterinary World, 10(7): 764-768.Aim: The effects of N-P-K fertilizers in the form of urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash on development of free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus were studied.
Materials and Methods: Five parasite free experimental plots of 1 mx1 m area, each of paddy leaves (15-day-old) and an equal number of Cynodon dactylon grass were infested with about 10x104 eggs/ml phosphate buffer saline along with the application of the calculated amount of fertilizers solution. On the 10th day of posttreatment, the pasture was cut, processed, larvae recovered by Baermann method and counted, which was expressed as number of L3 per kg dry matter (DM) of pasture.
Results: The average recovered population of L3 of H. contortus per kg DM varied significantly (p<0.05) between the paddy leaves (5933.57±22.718) and Cynodon grass (4861.00±22.718). When different doses of chemical fertilizer and their impact on different pasture were analyzed for control (T-1, 0-0-0 kg/ha N-P-K), the mean L3 recovery per kg DM of paddy (19512.7±50.80) was more than that of Cynodon grass (16540.9±50.80). Larvae recovery per kg DM for different pastures under treatment were in decreasing order as follows: T-2 of paddy (6981.33±50.80, 35.77%), T-2 of Cynodon (5545.38±50.80, 33.52%), T-3 of paddy (317378±50.80, 16.26%), and T-3 of Cynodon (2218.72±50.80, 13.41%) which showed significant difference (p<0.05) among the treatments. In T-4 (paddy) and T-5 (Cynodon), the average number of recovery of larvae was nil implying no significant variation (p>0.05).
Conclusion: This study shown that when N-P-K fertilizers administered at recommended level, significantly reduced larval translation of H. contortus minimizing pasture infectivity for the free range grazing animals.
Keywords: Haemonchus contortus, larva, N-P-K fertilizer, pasture.
1. Sharma, N., Singh, V. and Shyma, K.P. (2015) Role of parasitic vaccines in integrated control of parasitic diseases in livestock. Vet. World, 8(5): 590-598. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
2. Badran, I., Abuamsha, R., Aref, R., Alqisi, W. and Alumor, J. (2012) Prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants under two different rearing systems in Jenin district of Palestine. An Najah Univ. J. Res., 26: 1-18.
3. Negasi, W., Bogale, B. and Chanie, M. (2012) Helminth parasites in small ruminants: Prevalence, species composition and associated risk factors in and around Mekelle town, Northern Ethiopia. Eur. J. Biol. Sci., 4(3): 91-95.
4. Torres-Acosta, J. and Hoste, H. (2008) Alternative or improved methods to limit gastro-intestinal parasitism in grazing sheep and goats. Small Rumin. Res., 77(2): 159-173. [PubMed]
5. Calvete, C., Ferrer, L., Lacasta, D., Calavia, R., Ramos, J., Ruiz-de-Arkaute, M. and Uriarte, J. (2014) Variability of the egg hatch assay to survey benzimidazole resistance in nematodes of small ruminants under field conditions. Vet. Parasitol., 203(1): 102-113. [Crossref] [PubMed]
6. Stromberg, B.E. (1997) Environmental factors influencing transmission. Vet. Parasitol., 72: 247-264. [Crossref]
7. Das, M., Deka, D.K., Islam, S., Sarmah, P.C. and Bhattacharjee, K. (2016) Gastrointestinal nematode larvae in the grazing land of cattle in Guwahati, Assam. Vet. World, 9(12): 1343-1347. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
8. Perry, B.D., Randolph, T.F., Mc Dermott, J.J., Sones, K.R. and Thoronton, P.K. (2002) Investigating in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. p148. [PubMed]
9. Muniz-Lagunes, A., Gonzalez-Garduno, R., Lopez-Arellano, M.E., Ramirez-Valverde, R., Ruiz-Flores, A., Garcia-Muniz, G., Ramirez-Vargas, G., Mendoza De Gives, P. and Torres-Hernandez, G. (2015) Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes from grazing beef cattle in Campeche state, Mexico. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 47(6): 1049-1054. [PubMed] [PubMed]
10. Soulsby, E.J.L. (1982) Helminths, Arthropods and protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 7th ed. The English Book Society and Bailliere Tindall, London. [PMC]
11. Khatun, F., Begum, N., Akter, S. and Mondal, M.M.H. (2013) In vitro study of environmental and nutritional factors on the hatching and development of eggs of H. contortus. Bangladesh Vet., 30(1): 1-9. [Crossref]
12. OUAT. (2014) Annual Report 2013-14 No. 751 003. Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology Bhubaneswar. p14.
13. Swarnkar, C.P., Singh, D., Khan, F.A., Bagwan, P.S.K. and Dubey, S.C. (2002) Effect of urea application on pre-parasitic stages of H. contortus and its role in reducing pasture infectivity. J. Vet. Parasitol., 16(1): 23-26.
14. Camuset, P. (1994) Epidemiologie des strongyloses: Parasitisme des bovins. Bull. GTV, 41: 27-42.
15. Araujo, F.B. (2009) Control of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep using the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans. In: Dissertation in Animal Parasitology. Department Veterinary Medicine, Se-tor of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba. p115.
16. Sweeny, J.P.A., Ryana, U.M., Robertson, I.D., Niemeyerc, D. and Huntc, P.W. (2012) Development of a modified molecular diagnostic procedure for the identification and quantification of naturally occurring strongylid larvae on pastures. Vet. Parasitol., 190: 467-481. [Crossref] [PubMed]
17. Hansen, J.W. and Perry, B. (1994) The Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Control of Helminth Parasites of Ruminants. International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya. p171. [PubMed]
18. Anonymous. (2012) Using a Microwave Oven to Test Moisture Content of Forage, Crop Watch. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, USA.
19. Krecek, R.C. and Maingi, N. (2004) Comparison of two techniques used for the recovery of third-stage strongylid nematode larvae from herbage. Vet. Parasitol., 122: 233-243. [Crossref] [PubMed]
20. Carneiro, R.D. and Amarante, A.F.T. (2008) Seasonal effect of three pasture plants species on the free-living stages of H. contortus. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., 60: 4. [Crossref]
21. Heckler, R.P. and Borges, F.A. (2016) Climate variations and the environmental population of gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants. Nematoda, 3: e012016. [Crossref]
22. Agarwal, R., Singhal, K.C. and Varshney, K.G. (1991) Role of fertilizers in the control of H. contortus eggs to infective larvae in the charcoal and different soils. Indian Vet. Med. J., 15(2): 88-89.
23. Walker, J.T. and Post, A. (1969) Reduction of lesion nematode population by decomposing nitrogenous amendments. Phytopathology, 59: 1055.
24. Mankau, R. and Mankau, S.K. (1975) The effect of NH4+ concentration on selected nematodes in vitro. Nematropica, 5: 25.
25. Foulk, D. (2013) Parasite Control is an Important Component of All Equine Health Care Programs. Think Like a Parasite - Managing Resistant Parasites in Horses, Penn State Extension. http://extension.psu.edu/animals/equine/parasite-project/think-like-a-parasite-managing-resistant-parasites-in-horses. Last accessed on 24-02-2017.
26. Siddique, I.A. and Taylor, D.P. (1970) Histopathogenesis of galls induced by Meloidogyne naasi in wheat roots. J. Nematol., 2: 239-247.
27. Iqbal, Z., Munir, A.M. and Khan, M.N. (2000) Effect of urea on the development and survival of H. contortus eggs and larvae. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 3: 192-194.
28. Habash, S. and Al-Banna, L. (2011) Phosphonate fertilizers suppressed root knot nematodes Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita. J. Nematol., 43(2): 95-100. [PubMed] [PMC]
29. Rai, N., Ashiya, P. and Rathore, D.S. (2014) Comparative study of the effect of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers on Eisenia foetida. Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol., 3(5): 12991-12998.
30. Olayemi, I.K., Maduegbuna, E.N., Ukubuiwe, A.C. and Chukwuemeka, V.I. (2012) Laboratory studies on developmental responses of the filarial vector mosquito, Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae), to urea fertilizer. J. Med. Sci., 12(6): 176. [Crossref]
31. Al-Hazmi, A.S. and Dawabah, A.A.M. (2014) Effect of urea and certain NPK fertilizers on the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) on wheat. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 21(2): 191-196. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
32. Abolusoro, S.A., Abolusoro, P.F., Mathew, F.O. and Izuogu, N.B. (2013) Effects of organic and inorganic manures on the growth attributes of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) infected Ethopian egg plant (Solanum aethiopicum). World J. Agric. Res., 1(6): 104-107.
33. Karajeh, M.R. and Al-Nasir, F. (2014) Field utilization of nitrogen fertilizers for controlling root - Knot nematode and improving growth and yield of cucumber. Int. J. Agric. Forestry, 4(1): 34-40.
34. El-Nehal, S. and Abdel-Kader, M.M. (2014) Integration of urea fertilizer and Trichoderma harzianum for controlling Rhizoctonia solani root rot disease of lupine under field conditions. Int. J. Eng. Innov. Technol., 4(2): 213-217.
35. Shraf, R., Abbas, H. and Akhtar, A. (2014) Combined effect of biofertilizers and fertilizer in the management of Meloidogyne incognita and also on the growth of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Int. J. Plant Pathol., 5: 1-11. [Crossref]
36. Ramezani, H. and Khaniki, G.B. (2015) Evaluation efficacy of fertilizer and bio-agents on field pea against root-knot nematode. Res. J. Fish. Hydrobiol., 10(9): 195-197.
37. Bednarek, A. and Gaugler, R. (1997) Compatibility of soil amendments with entomopathogenic nematodes. J. Nematol., 29(2): 220-227. [PubMed] [PMC]
38. Munir, M.A., Iqbal, Z. and Khan, M.N. (2001) In vitro effects of sodium chloride and calcium carbonate on the development and survival of H. contortus. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 3: 125-128.
39. Sarma, A.D., Mallick, A.R. and Ghosh, A.K. (2010) Free radicals and their role in different clinical conditions: An overview. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 1(3): 185-192.
40. Kumar, P., Ramarajan, S., Radha, M. and Murugesan, A.G. (2015) Effect of inorganic fertilizers on mortality and ovicidal action of dengue vector, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Int. J. Mosq. Res., 2(4): 36-42.
41. Darriet, F. (2016) An anti-mosquito mixture for domestic use, combining a fertiliser and a chemical or biological larvicide. Pest Manage. Sci., 72(7): 1340-1345. [Crossref] [PubMed]