Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are widely used in industrial and medical applications due to their unique properties but may induce oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity. Propolis, a bee-derived natural product with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, shows promise as a hepatoprotective agent. This study evaluates the protective effects of Saudi propolis against GNP-induced hepatic damage by examining oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and liver function. This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of Saudi propolis against oxidative damage and lipid dysregulation induced by GNPs in male albino rats. A total of 180 adult male rats were divided into six groups: (1) Control (saline), (2) Propolis (100 mg/kg), (3) GNPs (10 nm, 0.2 mg/kg/day), (4) GNPs (30 nm, 0.2 mg/kg/day), (5) GNPs (10 nm) + propolis, and (6) GNPs (30 nm) + propolis. Treatments were administered daily for 5, 10, or 15 days. Blood and liver samples were analyzed for oxidative stress markers, liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and glutamyl transpeptidase), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA]), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD] and glutathione peroxides [GPx]), and lipid profiles (cholesterol [CHO] and triglyceride [TG]). Rats treated with GNPs showed elevated liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress, accompanied by increased CHO and TG levels. In contrast, co-administration of Saudi propolis significantly mitigated these effects, restoring MDA, SOD, and GPx levels close to control values. The hepatoprotective effects were more pronounced for 10 nm GNPs than 30 nm. After 15 days, TG levels returned to near-normal levels, while CHO levels improved but remained elevated. Saudi propolis exhibits significant protective effects against GNP-induced hepatic damage, primarily due to its antioxidant properties and ability to reduce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The findings provide evidence for the therapeutic potential of propolis in managing nanoparticle-induced liver toxicity.

The development of zinc-based antimicrobials has progressed from conventional to nanoparticle (NP) formulations due to their enhanced biological properties. This study evaluates the antibacterial efficacy of green-synthesized zinc oxide NPs (ZnO-NPs) derived from Garcinia mangostana leaf extract against both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria relevant to poultry health. Using a completely randomized design, six treatment groups were tested: Positive control (PC) (tetracycline, 2.5 mg/mL), negative control (NC) (HCl 0.1 N + distilled water), and ZnO-NPs at concentrations of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/mL. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method, measuring inhibition zones against Escherichia coli, S. Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactobacillus plantarum. The positive control demonstrated the most significant inhibition zones across all bacterial strains. ZnO-NPs exhibited dose-dependent antibacterial activity, with maximum inhibition zones recorded as 18.58 mm for E. coli, 17.09 mm for S. Typhimurium, and 17.41 mm for S. aureus at the highest concentration (10 mg/mL). However, the antibacterial activity against L. plantarum was less pronounced, with a maximum inhibition zone of 9.93 mm. These findings indicate selective toxicity of ZnO-NPs, favoring pathogenic over non-pathogenic strains. Green-synthesized ZnO-NPs using G. mangostana leaf extract demonstrate promising antibacterial properties against poultry pathogens. Their selective action highlights potential applications as eco-friendly feed additives to improve poultry health and mitigate pathogenic risks.

Ovine mastitis, particularly subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, poses significant economic and health challenges in livestock management. This study aimed to investigate the molecular characteristics and antimicrobial-resistance gene profiles of S. aureus isolated from subclinical mastitis in northern Jordan and assess the zoonotic potential of these isolates. A total of 283 milk samples from ovines and 24 nasal swabs from animal handlers across three northern Jordanian governorates were analyzed. Bacterial isolates were identified phenotypically and genotypically, with antimicrobial susceptibility tested using disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays. The presence of antimicrobial-resistance genes (ARGs) was analyzed through polymerase chain reaction, and genetic relatedness was determined using pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and spa typing. S. aureus was detected in 16 (6%) ovine milk samples and four nasal swab samples from animal handlers. High resistance rates were observed for penicillin G, oxacillin, and cefoxitin (25% each). ARGs, including mecA, blaZ, aph(3′)-III, and ant(4′)-Ia, were detected in 25% of isolates. PFGE revealed a high genetic similarity among isolates, while spa typing identified three types, with t1534 predominating (81.25%). Limited cross-transmission between ovines and handlers was noted. The study highlights spa type t1534 as the dominant genotype in ovine mastitis in Jordan and underscores the low zoonotic transmission risk from ovines to animal handlers. The findings emphasize the importance of antimicrobial stewardship and enhanced mastitis management strategies.

African swine fever (ASF), a devastating viral disease in swine caused by ASF virus (ASFV), has led to substantial economic losses, particularly in Asia since 2018. ASFV’s resilience in diverse environments renders the movement of infected pork products a critical risk for disease transmission. This study aimed to identify ASFV contamination in pork products brought by international travelers to Indonesia, highlighting potential pathways for ASF introduction. From 2019 to 2020, pork food products confiscated at three Indonesia international airports (Soekarno-Hatta, Raja Haji Fisabilillah, and Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan) underwent testing. ASFV detection employed TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting the B646L (p72) gene, followed by gene sequencing of B646L (p72) and E183L (p54) for molecular characterization. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted to compare local ASFV strains with global counterparts. Among 29 confiscated samples, two pork products originating from China tested positive for ASFV. These were identified as genotype II, consistent with strains from Africa, Europe, and Asia. Sequence analyses confirmed the Indonesian strain’ close genetic relationship with global ASFV genotype II isolates, such as those from China, Vietnam, and Georgia. The presence of ASFV in imported pork products emphasizes the risk posed by international travelers in introducing the virus to ASF-free regions. This underscores the need for stringent border biosecurity measures, surveillance, and public awareness to prevent ASFV outbreaks in Indonesia. Although ASFV does not pose a direct threat to human health, its transmission through swill-feeding practices remains a critical concern for the pig industry.

Artificial insemination (AI) is a key biotechnology for improving dairy cattle populations, offering genetic enhancement and increased milk production. The advent of sexed semen allows for the preferential selection of female offspring which is beneficial for dairy operations. This study aimed to evaluate and optimize a spermatozoa sexing method using Percoll density gradient centrifugation (PDGC) and analyze kinetic parameters of the separated spermatozoa using computer-assisted sperm analysis. The study was conducted on two Holstein-Friesian bulls at the Singosari Artificial Insemination Center and Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia. Semen samples underwent PDGC sexing at two density gradients, (T1) 20%-65% and (T2) 20%-60%. Kinetic parameters, including motility, velocity, and movement patterns, were assessed pre- and post-sexing. Statistical analyses were performed using a one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s test to determine significant differences. Fresh semen (control) exhibited significantly higher motility (88.45%) compared to T1 (70.94%) and T2 (72.22%), with p < 0.01. Velocity parameters, including curvilinear velocity, were also significantly reduced post-sexing. However, motility levels in sexed samples still exceeded the 40% AI threshold. The 20%-65% gradient demonstrated better performance in maintaining sperm quality compared to the 20%-60% gradient. Although sexing reduced motility and kinetic parameters, both gradients yielded semen suitable for AI applications. The 20%-65% gradient showed superior results, indicating its potential for optimizing the sexing process. Further research is recommended to refine the technique and improve the viability of sexed sperm.

Tryptophan (Trp), a precursor of serotonin, plays a critical role in cognitive and emotional processes. Its metabolism through serotonin and kynurenine pathways impacts neuropsychiatric functions and lipid metabolism. This study investigates Trp’s effects on the behavioral, physiological, and molecular parameters of aging female wild-type (WT) and heterozygous tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (HET) mice. A 68-day experiment was conducted on 13-month-old WT and HET mice. Groups received either distilled water or Trp supplementation (400 mg/kg/day). Behavioral tests (Open Field, Elevated Zero Maze, Forced Swim, and Extrapolation Escape Task) assessed locomotion, anxiety, and cognition. Physiological assessments included body composition through NMR relaxometry, lipid histology, serotonin content in the brain (ELISA), and serotonergic gene expression (RT-PCR). Blood biochemistry and organ weights were also analyzed. Trp supplementation reduced growth rates and adipose tissue while increasing muscle mass in both genotypes, more markedly in HET mice. Behavioral tests revealed a decrease in anxiety and enhanced cognitive performance in HET+Trp mice but an increase in immobility. Trp increased brain serotonin content in HET mice and altered serotonergic gene expression. Histological studies showed hepatoprotective effects in HET+Trp mice, reducing liver lipid infiltration compared to WT+Trp mice. Trp exhibited genotype-specific effects, with HET mice showing anabolic, hepatoprotective, and neuropsychiatric changes. These findings highlight Trp’s potential in neuro-nutrition for conditions like depression and cognitive decline. Further studies are needed to explore Trp’s metabolic pathways and their implications for personalized dietary interventions.

This review explores advanced strategies for enhancing fertility and optimizing reproductive outcomes in equine breeding programs. Horses, being seasonal breeders, present unique reproductive challenges influenced by environmental and physiological factors such as photoperiods, hormone cycles, and aging. Key approaches discussed include hormonal therapies, artificial light manipulation, and nutritional supplementation to improve ovulation and conception rates during the breeding season. Specific hormones such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, equine follicle-stimulating hormone, and progesterone are analyzed for their roles in synchronizing estrus and increasing ovarian activity. The document also emphasizes the significance of dietary strategies, particularly the inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids, L-arginine, and essential vitamins, in improving reproductive health. In addition, the review underscores the importance of stallion management, addressing factors such as testicular health, age, and environmental stress. Practical methods to mitigate seasonal infertility and improve foaling rates through better reproductive management of mares and stallions are detailed. These insights aim to assist stud farm owners in maximizing breeding efficiency and achieving higher economic returns. The primary goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive guide to practical interventions that increase the productivity and sustainability of equine breeding operations.

Toxocara vitulorum infections in lactating buffaloes pose significant health and economic challenges due to maternal transmission of inhibited larvae to calves via colostrum and milk. This study aimed to identify T. vitulorum species morphologically and genetically and to evaluate a novel strategic treatment using fenbendazole to suppress larval transmission. Morphological and genetic characterization of Toxocara species was performed using light and scanning electron microscopy and mitochondrial COX-1 gene analysis. Pregnant buffaloes previously infected with T. vitulorum were administered fenbendazole (10 mg/kg body weight) 15 days before parturition (dbp). The animals were divided into three groups based on the interval between treatment and parturition: 6 days (G-1), 10 days (G-2), and 15 days (G-3). Colostrum, milk, and fecal samples were collected to assess larval and egg counts, respectively. The genetic analysis confirmed the species as T. vitulorum with 100% nucleotide similarity to reference sequences. The treatment effectively suppressed larval transmission in G-1, with no larvae detected in colostrum or milk, and significantly reduced larval counts in G-2 and G-3. Fecal egg counts of treated buffaloes and their calves were markedly lower than untreated controls. Statistically significant reductions in worm burden were observed, particularly in the group treated 6 dbp. A single dose of fenbendazole administered 6 dbp effectively interrupted the T. vitulorum transmission cycle, reducing larval presence in colostrum and milk and minimizing worm burdens in buffaloes and calves. Morphological and molecular analyses highlighted the efficacy of COX-1 gene markers in species identification and phylogenetic studies. This strategic intervention represents a practical approach to controlling T. vitulorum infections, improving herd health, and reducing environmental contamination.

Fowl cholera, caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pasteurella multocida type A, poses a significant threat to chicken production globally. This study investigates the potential of ethanolic extracts from Wild Egyptian Artichoke (WEA) (Cynara cardunculus L. var. sylvestris) to modulate virulence-associated genes and provide an alternative control strategy. A total of 160 tissue samples from diseased chickens were collected and analyzed. Phenotypic, biochemical (via Vitek 2 Compact), and molecular methods were used to identify P. multocida. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed the presence of key adhesion and colonization genes (omp87, ptfA, pfhA) in MDR isolates. The antimicrobial efficacy of WEA ethanolic extract was assessed using disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Gene expression changes were evaluated using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR after treatment with sub-inhibitory extract concentrations. Eleven isolates (6.9% prevalence) of P. multocida type A were confirmed, with four showing resistance to over five antimicrobial classes. The ethanolic WEA extract demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of up to 25 mm, MIC values ranging from 4 to 16 μg/mL, and MBC values between 8 and 32 μg/mL. Gene expression analysis revealed up to threefold downregulation in omp87 (0.28-fold), pfhA (0.25-fold), and ptfA (0.12-fold) after treatment. The WEA ethanolic extract effectively downregulates critical virulence genes in MDR P. multocida, highlighting its potential as a novel natural agent for controlling fowl cholera in chicken. This study emphasizes the importance of exploring plant-based antimicrobials to combat resistance and improve animal health.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine bacterium commonly associated with foodborne illnesses due to the consumption of contaminated seafood. Understanding its prevalence in both fish meat and human infections is crucial for public health. This study aimed to estimate the occurrence of V. parahaemolyticus in human stool and fish meat samples while analyzing seasonal and species-specific variations in the Al-Hodeidah governorate. A total of 225 samples were collected, including 75 human stool samples from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and 150 fish meat samples from five fish species commonly consumed in the region. Standard microbiological methods were used for the isolation and identification of V. parahaemolyticus, including culture on Thiosulfate–Citrate–Bile Salts–Sucrose (TCBS) agar, biochemical tests, and growth analysis in varying NaCl concentrations. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 12, applying the Chi-square test for group comparisons with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. The overall occurrence of V. parahaemolyticus was 7.1%. Human stool samples had a occurrence of 6.7%, while fish meat samples had a slightly higher occurrence of 7.3%. The highest monthly occurrence in human samples was recorded in July (15.0%), while the highest fish contamination was detected in September (12.0%). Among fish species, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Bagah) had the highest contamination rate (20.0%), followed by Scomberomorus commerson (Dairak) at 13.3%, whereas no V. parahaemolyticus isolates were found in Dasyatis kuhlii (Safon) and Rachycentron canadum (Sakalah). The findings confirm the presence of V. parahaemolyticus in both human and fish meat samples, highlighting seasonal variations and species-specific differences. The peak occurrence in fish during warm months suggests a potential link between higher temperatures and bacterial prevalence. Improved seafood handling, monitoring, and public health awareness are essential to mitigate the risk of foodborne infections. Further research is needed to explore genetic determinants of virulence and antimicrobial resistance in local isolates.

The increasing global demand for sustainable and nutrient-dense poultry feed necessitates innovative approaches to utilize byproducts such as pangasius fish waste. This study explores the potential of bioconverted fermented pangasius fish waste (FPW) produced through microbial fermentation as a poultry feed supplement. The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, bioconversion of pangasius fish waste utilized a microbial consortium (PaRmYl: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rhizopus microsporus, and Yarrowia lipolytica) at varying inoculum doses (5%, 10%, and 20%) and fermentation durations (2, 4, and 8 days). Nutritional content, enzyme activity, and antioxidant properties were analyzed. The second stage involved biological testing on 90 broiler chickens (randomized into three treatment groups with 30 replications each) to assess digestibility and nitrogen retention of FPW-based feed. Fermentation with a 10% inoculum dose over 4 days yielded the optimal nutritional composition, with crude protein content increasing to 37.27%, enhanced amino acid (EAA/NEAA ratio: 0.88), and fatty acid profiles (notably ω-3 and ω-6). Protease and lipase activity peaked at 1.49 U/mL and 1.21 U/mL, respectively, with antioxidant activity showing an IC50 value of 39.84 ppm. Biological tests demonstrated significantly higher dry matter digestibility (75.53%) and nitrogen retention (75.53%) in broilers fed FPW compared to non-fermented feed. FPW, produced through microbial bioconversion, offers a sustainable and cost-effective poultry feed supplement, enhancing digestibility and nutrient retention while addressing environmental concerns related to fish processing waste.

Brucellosis is a globally significant zoonotic disease affecting a wide range of wild and domestic animals, with implications for human and animal health. Despite donkeys’ crucial roles in agriculture, transportation, and livelihoods, there is limited research on the burden of brucellosis in this species. This study systematically reviews the prevalence and role of donkeys as reservoirs for Brucella spp., providing insights into their public health implications. Using the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted for studies published from 1990 to May 2024. Out of 1159 retrieved articles, 20 met the inclusion criteria. Data on study design, location, diagnostic methods, and brucellosis prevalence were extracted and analyzed using R statistical software. Pooled prevalence and heterogeneity were calculated, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was employed to assess study quality. The pooled prevalence of brucellosis in 6785 donkeys across 20 studies was 10.23% (range: 0%–63.7%), with the highest prevalence reported in Asia (26.80%). While 15% of studies suggested that donkeys act as reservoirs for Brucella spp., direct evidence linking donkeys to disease transmission remains scarce. The disease’s impact on donkey reproduction, including abortion and infertility, is underexplored, highlighting a significant research gap. Brucellosis in donkeys represents a notable zoonotic and occupational risk. The limited data from East Africa, despite its high donkey population, emphasize the need for comprehensive epidemiological studies. Findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions, including biosecurity, public education, and enhanced diagnostic approaches, to mitigate brucellosis’ impact on donkey health and its broader public health implications.

Indonesian cattle breeds, primarily Bali, Madura, and Ongole crossbred (OC), are vital to local farming systems, yet little is known about their ruminal ecology and blood profiles. This study aimed to compare the rumen fluid characteristics and hematological parameters among these three indigenous cattle breeds. Thirty heifers (10 per breed) were sourced from the Indonesian Beef Cattle Research Station. The animals, weighing 175–197 kg, were randomly allocated to individual pens. A diet of commercial concentrate and elephant grass (70:30 ratio) was provided at 3.5% of their body weight (dry matter basis). Blood samples were analyzed for glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and hematological indices (White blood cell, red blood cells [RBC], hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin [MCH], and mean corpuscular volume [MCV]). Rumen fluid was assessed for pH, NH3, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and microbial diversity. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences with significance set at p < 0.05. No significant differences were observed in blood glucose and BUN levels across breeds. Bali cattle exhibited the highest concentrations of total VFAs (139.66 mMol) and propionic acid (33.31 mMol), with a lower acetic-to-propionic acid ratio, reflecting efficient glucogenic traits. Quinella, a propionate-producing bacterium, dominated Bali cattle rumen microbiota. Conversely, OC cattle demonstrated the highest RBC count (9.27 x 10³/μL), while Bali cattle showed superior RBC size (MCV: 48.84 fl) and hemoglobin content (MCH: 16.60 pg). Bali cattle exhibited superior rumen fermentation efficiency and favorable hematological profiles, potentially supporting enhanced productive performance and reduced enteric methane emissions. These findings provide a foundation for breed-specific dietary management strategies to optimize local cattle productivity in tropical environments.

Myostatin (MSTN) is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth, and its suppression could enhance muscle mass. This study investigated the effects of maternal immunization against MSTN on post-hatch growth, carcass characteristics, and muscle fiber size in Sentul Indonesian indigenous chickens. Seventy-five Sentul hens were divided into three groups: Control (CON), KLH-immunized (KLH), and MSTN-conjugated KLH immunized (KLH-MSTN). The hens were immunized at 6 months, with boosters at 3 and 6 weeks after initial immunization. Serum and egg yolk antibody titers were measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Offspring growth and carcass traits were evaluated at 12 weeks. Histological muscle fiber analysis was performed using ImageJ. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey Honest significant difference tests.  Anti-MSTN antibodies were detected in 60% of KLH-MSTN hens 3 weeks post-immunization but declined to 10–30% in later collections. Male offspring in the KLH-MSTN and KLH groups exhibited significantly higher carcass, thigh, and drumstick weights than the CON group, although muscle weights showed no significant differences. In females, only thigh muscle weight in the KLH-MSTN group was significantly higher than in the CON group. Muscle fiber diameters in all measured muscles were significantly larger in the KLH-MSTN group compared to the CON and KLH groups. Maternal immunization with KLH-MSTN increased muscle fiber size but did not significantly enhance overall muscle weight in Sentul chicken offspring, except for the thigh muscle in females. This suggests that MSTN immunization may have limited utility in enhancing muscle growth in this chicken breed.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation. Conventional treatments often fail to prevent its progression. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Tithonia diversifolia zinc oxide nanoparticle emulsion (TDNP) in mitigating DN by enhancing antioxidant and immunomodulatory mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TDNP on oxidative stress markers, inflammation, and insulin activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 24) were divided into four groups: control (saline), positive control (0.1% zinc oxide suspension), treatment (TDNP at 100 mg/kg body weight), and comparison (quercetin at 5 mg/kg body weight). DN was induced using STZ and nicotinamide. Blood glucose, creatinine, urea, gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were assessed. Oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx]), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α), and immunohistochemical indicators (anti-insulin, interferon-gamma [IFN-γ]) were measured. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis tests. TDNP treatment significantly reduced blood glucose, creatinine, urea, γ-GT, and TNF-α levels (p ≤ 0.05), while increasing SOD, GPx, and anti-insulin levels compared with the positive control. Histopathological analysis showed decreased necrosis and inflammation in pancreatic and renal tissues. Immunohistochemistry revealed enhanced anti-insulin and reduced IFN-γ expression in TDNP-treated rats, indicating improved immune regulation and oxidative stress mitigation. TDNP demonstrates potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, effectively improving glucose metabolism and kidney function in DN. These findings highlight TDNP as a promising therapeutic agent for managing DN.

Prevotella intermedia is a significant contributor to periodontitis, capable of forming biofilms that resist antibiotics and complicate treatment. Avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) are rich in bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids, which exhibit potential antibiofilm activity. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of avocado seed ethanol extract in preventing biofilm attachment, inhibiting biofilm formation, and eradicating established biofilms of P. intermedia in vitro. A post-test-only control group design was employed using P. intermedia (ATCC 25611). Ten groups were included: Bacterial and negative controls, a positive control (chlorhexidine), and experimental groups with ethanol extract concentrations (3.25%–9.25%). Biofilm activity was assessed using 96-well microtiter plates, crystal violet staining, and optical density measurements at 595 nm to determine the minimum biofilm prevention (MBPC), inhibition (MBIC), and eradication concentrations (MBEC). Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Biofilm assays showed a dose-dependent increase in antibiofilm efficacy. The highest attachment prevention (82.67%), biofilm formation inhibition (84.26%), and biofilm eradication (86.04%) were observed at 9.25%. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between the extract and negative control groups, with no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the 8.25%–9.25% extracts and chlorhexidine. The MBPC50, MBIC50, and MBEC50 were identified at a concentration of 6.25%, achieving >50% efficacy in biofilm prevention, inhibition, and eradication. Avocado seed ethanol extract demonstrated significant antibiofilm properties against P. intermedia, comparable to chlorhexidine at higher concentrations. The bioactive compounds – flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids – likely contributed to these effects through mechanisms such as quorum sensing inhibition, disruption of bacterial adhesion, and destabilization of biofilm structures. These findings highlight avocado seed extract as a promising natural alternative for managing periodontitis-related biofilm infections.

Japanese encephalitis (JE), a mosquito-borne viral disease, poses significant public health risks in endemic regions, such as Indonesia. Sulawesi, one of the archipelago’s largest islands, presents a high potential for JE transmission due to its conducive environmental, economic, and cultural factors. Between 1972 and 2017, JE-positive samples were detected sporadically in various hosts, including humans, pigs, bats, cattle, goats, chickens, and mosquitoes (Culex tritaeniorhynchus). This review consolidates historical data and provides a contemporary perspective on JE ecology in Sulawesi. The island’s extensive rice fields (95% of districts) and its high density of amplifying hosts – especially pigs, which inhabit 65.5% of districts – highlight critical transmission dynamics. In addition, Sulawesi supports a diverse array of reservoir hosts, such as endemic bats and bird species, which enhance JE’s zoonotic potential. Bats, including Dobsonia viridis and Rousettus celebensis, are particularly notable for their reservoir roles. Furthermore, at least nine mosquito vector species, led by C. tritaeniorhynchus, thrive in Sulawesi’s wetland ecosystems, amplifying transmission risk. Despite the island’s high-risk profile, JE surveillance remains inconsistent, with limited government-led diagnostic programs. Historical and recent data underscore the need for systematic investigations into JE’s epidemiology, emphasizing molecular and serological detection, vector surveillance, and the role of amplifying hosts in transmission cycles. Key challenges include limited awareness, diagnostic infrastructure, and climate change, which exacerbate vector bionomics and disease dynamics. This review advocates for the integration of JE diagnostic tools, public health interventions, and vaccination programs tailored to Sulawesi’s ecological and sociocultural context. These measures are essential to mitigate JE transmission and protect both human and animal health.

The rising cost of corn in livestock feed has driven interest in alternative feed ingredients. Bakery waste, a byproduct of bakery production, presents a viable substitute for corn in broiler diets. This study evaluated the effects of replacing 40% of dietary corn with bakery waste on broiler growth performance, carcass traits, and feed costs. We hypothesized that this substitution would maintain performance while reducing feed costs. A total of 240 1-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments: (T1) A control diet with 100% corn and (T2) a diet replacing 40% of corn with bakery waste. Each group had six replicates of 20 birds, housed under identical conditions with ad libitum access to feed and water for 35 days. Growth performance (feed intake [FI], body weight gain [BWG], and feed conversion ratio [FCR]) was assessed at different growth stages. Carcass traits were evaluated in selected birds, and feed cost per kilogram gain (FCG) was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using a paired Student’s t-test, with significance set at p < 0.05. No significant differences were observed in FI, BWG, or FCR between groups across all growth phases (p > 0.05). However, FCG was significantly lower in the T2 group compared to T1 (p < 0.05), indicating reduced feed costs. Carcass traits showed no major differences except for significantly lower eviscerated carcass yield and breast yield in the T2 group (p < 0.05). Replacing 40% of corn with bakery waste in broiler diets is a cost-effective strategy without adverse effects on growth performance. However, the reduction in breast yield suggests potential amino acid imbalances, warranting further investigation into nutrient digestibility and fat deposition. Future research should optimize bakery waste inclusion levels to ensure economic feasibility while maintaining meat quality.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Proteus mirabilis in food-producing animals and their associated environments is a growing public health concern. The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry exacerbates resistance development, posing significant threats to food safety and sustainability. This study investigates the distribution, antibiotic resistance patterns, and virulence-associated genes (VAGs) of P. mirabilis isolated from poultry, livestock, fish, and their environments in Pakistan under a One Health perspective. A total of 225 samples were collected from poultry (n = 100), livestock (n = 75), and aquatic sources (n = 50) from March 2023 to September 2024. Standard microbiological methods were employed for the isolation and identification of P. mirabilis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection of antibiotic resistance genes and VAGs was performed using specific primers. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed through the disk diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2022 guidelines. Statistical analyses, including analysis of variance and correlation models, were applied to assess the relationships between variables. P. mirabilis was detected in 28.44% (64/225) of the total samples, with the highest occurrence observed in poultry (38%), followed by livestock (22.67%) and aquatic sources (18%). Resistance to ampicillin (100%), chloramphenicol (82%), cefepime (75%), and ciprofloxacin (75%) was widespread. PCR analysis revealed a high occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing P. mirabilis carrying blaCTX-M (49%), blaOXA (54%), and blaTEM (25.67%) genes. In addition, VAGs such as zapA (39.53%), ucaA (34.88%), and hpmA (32.55%) were frequently identified. The presence of MDR P. mirabilis in fish and related environments (18%) is alarming, highlighting potential zoonotic and foodborne transmission risks. The study underscores the widespread distribution of MDR P. mirabilis in animal-based food sources, raising significant concerns regarding food safety and antimicrobial resistance. The findings reinforce the need for stringent monitoring and regulatory policies to mitigate MDR bacterial dissemination across the food supply chain. Future research should employ metagenomic approaches for comprehensive surveillance and risk assessment.

Streptobacillus moniliformis is the causative agent of zoonotic diseases such as rat-bite fever (RBF) and Haverhill fever (HF). While human infections are well-documented, limited studies have explored its presence in rodents in India. This study aimed to detect S. moniliformis in free-living bandicoots (Bandicota bengalensis and Bandicota indica) in Northeastern India and perform a phylogenetic analysis to assess its genetic relationship with global isolates. A total of 106 bandicoots (B. bengalensis, n = 76; B. indica, n = 30) were captured from various environments in Meghalaya, India. Fecal and tissue samples were collected and subjected to DNA extraction. Molecular detection of S. moniliformis was conducted using species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Positive amplicons were sequenced, analyzed using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. PCR-based detection revealed a fecal prevalence of 3.3% (1/30) in B. indica and 0% in B. bengalensis. No tissue samples tested positive for S. moniliformis. The detected isolate exhibited 100% sequence identity with previously reported S. moniliformis strains and 99.63% similarity to Streptobacillus notomytis. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the recovered isolate with human and rodent-derived S. moniliformis strains from multiple global regions, suggesting potential zoonotic transmission. This study presents the first molecular detection of S. moniliformis in bandicoots from India, highlighting its zoonotic potential. Given its transmission risks through rodent bites and excreta contamination, public health surveillance is essential. Clinicians should consider RBF and HF in patients presenting with prolonged fever, particularly in rodent-endemic areas.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease characterized by insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia, often leading to complications such as oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and organs damage. Sage (Salvia officinalis L.), a medicinal plant with rich antioxidant and bioactive compounds, has shown promise in managing diabetes and related complications. This study investigates the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidative effects of aqueous (AE) and ethanolic (EE) extracts of S. officinalis leaves at doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight in Wister albino male rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes and oxidative stress. Wistar albino male rats (n = 49) were divided into seven groups: Normal control, diabetes-induced control (STZ), metformin-treated (50 mg/kg/day), and groups treated with AE (400 and 800 mg/kg/day) and EE (400 and 800 mg/kg/day). Parameters assessed included weight gain percentage, random blood glucose (RBG), fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profiles, liver and kidney function markers, oxidative stress biomarkers (glutathione [GSH], catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD], malonaldehyde [MDA]), and histopathological examination of the pancreas. AE and EE significantly reduced RBG and FBG and improved weight gain recovery. At 800 mg/kg, AE and EE effectively reduced triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C), and very LDL-C (VLDL-C) while increasing high-density lipoproteins cholesterol more than 400 mg/kg doses or metformin. Liver and kidney functions were restored with high-dose AE and EE showing superior efficacy. Antioxidant biomarkers (GSH, CAT, and SOD) were significantly enhanced, while MDA levels were reduced. Histopathological analysis confirmed restoration of islets of Langerhans and acinar cells to near-normal conditions in treated groups. The AE and EE of S. officinalis demonstrated potent antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidative properties, offering significant potential as a natural therapeutic option for managing diabetes and oxidative stress-related complications.

Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide, often linked to poultry products. Antibiotic resistance among Salmonella strains has increased the need for alternative decontamination strategies, such as bacteriophage (phage) therapy. This study evaluates the lytic efficiency, cytotoxicity, and survivability of a Salmonella phage cocktail derived from wastewater sources. A total of 251 Salmonella enterica isolates from broiler production chains were tested against two selected phages (WP109 and WP128). The phages were characterized for lytic ability, cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells, and survivability under simulated gastrointestinal and harsh environmental conditions. A cocktail of the phages was further tested for efficiency at different multiplicities of infection (MOIs) against representative Salmonella strains. Phage WP109 lysed 91.2% of Salmonella isolates, while WP128 lysed 78.2%. The phage cocktail exhibited a significant reduction of Salmonella counts at MOI 104, achieving up to a 4.4 log CFU/mL reduction in vitro. The cocktail maintained 99.9% survivability in simulated gastric conditions and displayed no cytotoxic effects on Caco-2 cells. Moreover, it was resistant to various ionic sanitizers and pH levels ranging from 2 to 11. The developed phage cocktail demonstrated high lytic efficacy, stability, and safety under simulated conditions, highlighting its potential as a biocontrol agent in the broiler production chain. These findings support its application in reducing Salmonella contamination while addressing the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance.

Quantum entanglement has been explored as a novel approach in food technology to enhance the quality and nutritional properties of animal products. SoRegen® Technology applies quantum entanglement signals to food products, aiming to induce physicochemical modifications. This study investigates the effects of SoRegen® Technology on the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of pork meat, focusing on meat quality attributes and cholesterol levels. Pork meat samples were exposed to a quantum entanglement signal from a SoRegen® chip for 20 min in an electromagnetic field chamber. Physicochemical properties, including water-holding capacity (WHC), pH, drip loss, and cooking loss, were analyzed. Cholesterol levels, including total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Microbiological analysis included total plate count (TPC), Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes enumeration. Data were statistically analyzed using an independent sample t-test with significance set at p < 0.05. Pork meat exposed to SoRegen® Technology exhibited significant improvements in physicochemical properties. WHC increased, indicating better moisture retention, while drip loss and cooking loss were reduced, suggesting improved meat texture and quality. Minor but statistically significant fluctuations in pH were observed at specific time points. Cholesterol analysis revealed a significant 35% reduction in total cholesterol levels, alongside a significant increase in HDL cholesterol levels, indicating potential health benefits. Microbiological analysis indicated no significant differences between exposed and unexposed pork samples in terms of E. coli, L. monocytogenes, and TPC, suggesting that the technology does not directly affect microbial contamination. The application of SoRegen® Technology significantly improved the physicochemical and nutritional attributes of pork meat, particularly by enhancing WHC and reducing cholesterol levels. However, no significant changes were observed in microbiological characteristics. These findings highlight the potential of quantum entanglement technology in food science, though further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects and explore commercial applications.

Enterococci are commensal bacteria in the digestive tract of poultry and serve as indicators of fecal contamination. Their significance in veterinary and human medicine arises from their ability to acquire antibiotic-resistance genes, posing a potential public health risk. Poultry meat, a major protein source in Indonesia, can act as a reservoir for Enterococcus species, transferring antibiotic-resistant strains to humans through food handling. Despite rigorous hygiene standards in supermarket supply chains, limited studies have assessed contamination levels. This study aimed to identify Enterococcus species from supermarket chicken meat in Sleman District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and evaluate their antibiotic resistance profiles. Chicken breast samples were randomly collected from three Supermarkets (A, B, and C). Bacterial isolation was performed using buffered peptone water and enterococcosel agar. Presumptive colonies were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction for genus and species identification. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method against ampicillin (AMP), tetracycline (TET), erythromycin (ERY), and vancomycin (VAN). A total of 269 Enterococcus isolates were confirmed, including 163 Enterococcus faecium (EFM), 92 Enterococcus faecalis (EFS), and 14 other Enterococcus species. Resistance to AMP, TET, and ERY in EFM was 12.12%, 57.57%, and 66.67%, respectively, while resistance in EFS was 4.54%, 31.82%, and 63.63%. No isolates showed resistance to VAN. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 60.60% of EFM and 36.36% of EFS isolates. Despite high susceptibility to AMP and VAN, resistance to TET and ERY was prevalent. The presence of MDR isolates underscores the need for continuous surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus species within the food chain. This study highlights the necessity of further research with expanded sampling and antibiotic panels to assess the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and potential public health risks.

Animal trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi is a major vector-borne disease affecting livestock productivity, especially in tropical regions. The disease has been documented in Thailand in cattle, buffaloes, and other livestock. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of T. evansi infections in Thai and imported beef cattle along the Thai-Myanmar border using parasitological and molecular diagnostic methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 347 cattle, comprising 120 Thai cattle and 227 imported cattle, during December 2022 and January 2023. Blood samples were collected and tested using hematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT), buffy coat smear microscopic examination (BMIC), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the internal transcribed spacer-2 region. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic methods and evaluate risk factors such as sex, age, and breed. Trypanosomes were detected in 2.59% of samples using HCT and 0.58% using BMIC, while T. evansi was confirmed in 2.02% of samples using PCR. Among Thai cattle, T. evansi prevalence was 2.5%, compared to 1.8% in imported cattle (p = 0.64). Male cattle showed significantly higher infection rates (3.2%) compared to females (0%, p = 0.04). Younger cattle (<2 years) exhibited slightly higher prevalence than older groups. Sensitivity and specificity of HCT and BMIC were 14.28% and 97.65%, and 14.28% and 99.70%, respectively, compared to PCR. The study highlights the importance of routine laboratory diagnostics, particularly PCR, to confirm T. evansi infections in livestock, especially in high-risk areas like the Thai-Myanmar border. Findings emphasize the need for integrated diagnostic approaches to improve detection and control measures. Collaborative efforts between government agencies and veterinary experts are recommended to manage trypanosomiasis and reduce its impact on livestock productivity and livelihoods.

Seaweeds, particularly brown seaweed (BS) and green seaweed (GS), are rich in bioactive compounds that may enhance poultry health and productivity. This study evaluates the effects of dietary BS and GS on blood plasma immunoglobulin concentrations, mucosal immunity, small intestine histomorphology, cecal microbial populations, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles in broiler chickens. A total of 504 one-day-old male broilers were randomly assigned to 12 dietary treatments: A negative control (basal diet), a positive control (basal diet + 100 mg/kg Vitamin E), and diets supplemented with BS and GS at 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, and 1.25%. The study followed a completely randomized design, with data analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05). Broilers fed 0.75%, 1.00%, and 1.25% GS exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) blood plasma immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations. Dietary BS and GS inclusion upregulated messenger RNA expression of interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and interferon-gamma, indicating immunomodulatory effects. Jejunal villus height was significantly increased in birds fed 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.25% BS during the starter period. Birds receiving 0.50% BS, 0.25% GS, and 0.50% GS exhibited higher cecal Lactobacillus counts, whereas 0.75% BS and GS significantly reduced Escherichia coli populations. Furthermore, higher total VFA and propionic acid concentrations were observed in birds supplemented with 1.00% and 1.25% GS, as well as 1.25% BS. The inclusion of GS (0.75%, 1.00%, and 1.25%) in broiler diets enhances immune response by increasing IgA and IgG levels. Both BS and GS positively modulate cytokine expression, intestinal morphology, and microbial balance, leading to improved gut health. The results suggest that BS and GS supplementation may serve as sustainable feed additives to enhance broiler performance while reducing reliance on synthetic supplements. Future studies should focus on identifying the bioactive compounds responsible for these effects and their broader implications for poultry production.

The livestock sector is a crucial component of Palestine’s agricultural economy, supporting food security and rural livelihoods. However, challenges such as infectious diseases, limited diagnostic resources, and antimicrobial misuse impact animal health and public safety. This study investigates veterinarians’ perspectives on disease prevalence and antimicrobial use in Palestinian livestock, providing the first comprehensive analysis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in veterinary practice in the region. A qualitative study was conducted using focus groups comprising 93 veterinarians from the West Bank, recruited through convenience and snowball sampling. A structured questionnaire collected data on disease prevalence and antimicrobial prescription patterns. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were used to assess associations between demographic characteristics and veterinary practices. Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) were the most frequently diagnosed disease (87.5%), followed by gastroenteritis (79.2%) and mastitis (75.0%). Veterinarians predominantly prescribed broad-spectrum antimicrobials, including penicillins (50.5%), tetracyclines (48.4%), and macrolides (46.2%). The use of antimicrobials classified as critically important for human medicine, such as quinolones (43.0%) and third-generation cephalosporins (46.2%), was notable. Some instances of banned antimicrobial use, such as chloramphenicol, were also reported. The findings highlight the reliance on empirical antimicrobial treatments and the widespread use of broad-spectrum and human-critical antimicrobials, raising concerns about AMR development. Improved antimicrobial stewardship, diagnostic capabilities, and regulatory frameworks are necessary to mitigate these risks. Policies promoting culture and sensitivity testing, along with targeted antimicrobial use, will enhance veterinary disease management and safeguard public health in Palestine.

Systemic hypertension and proteinuria are key prognostic indicators in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, their interrelationship in older cats and those with CKD remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and proteinuria in older cats and cats with CKD and evaluate the correlation of these parameters with hematological and biochemical markers. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 51 cats divided into three groups: 19 young adult cats (1–6 years, G1), 19 older cats (>10 years, G2), and 13 cats with CKD (creatinine >1.6 mg/dL, G3). Cats underwent clinical evaluations, blood pressure measurements using the oscillometric method, electrocardiography, and hematological, serum, and urine biochemical analyses. Statistical analyses included bootstrapped t-tests and Spearman’s correlation, with significance set at p < 0.05. SBP values did not significantly differ among groups, but absolute SBP values were higher in older cats (G2), suggesting a potential age-related trend. No significant correlations were found between SBP and proteinuria, creatinine, urea, or urine density in G2 and G3. However, kidney injury biomarkers (urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio, creatinine, and urea) were strongly correlated with weight, body score, and total plasma protein in CKD cats (G3), indicating disease progression. Furthermore, G3 exhibited significant reductions in hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell counts, which were associated with kidney dysfunction. This study did not find a direct correlation between SBP and proteinuria in older cats or cats with CKD. However, the higher SBP values in older cats highlight the importance of monitoring hypertension in aging felines. In addition, proteinuria was significantly associated with declining body condition and biochemical markers of kidney dysfunction, reinforcing its value as a prognostic indicator in CKD. Further studies are needed to explore the role of proteinuria and hypertension in advanced CKD stages.