Chronic Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) infection induces significant biliary changes and is a major risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma. However, the role of goblet cell metaplasia (GCM) and mucin dynamics in host defense and parasite persistence remains poorly understood. This study aims to characterize biliary histological changes, particularly mucin types, and compare responses between susceptible (hamsters) and non-susceptible (mice) hosts during early to chronic OV infection. Thirty-five male golden Syrian hamsters and 35 male BALB/c mice were divided into infected and control groups. Infected animals received 50 OV metacercariae through gastric intubation and were sacrificed on days 1, 2, 7, 14, 28, and 56 post-infection. Histological, histochemical (Alcian Blue, periodic Acid-Schiff, and high iron diamine), and immunohistochemical (Bromodeoxyuridine [BrdU]) analyses were performed to assess mucin production, GCM, and bile duct proliferation. Mice demonstrated an early, robust biliary response with pronounced hyperplasia and GCM characterized by acid mucin overproduction during the acute phase (days 1–28). Conversely, hamsters exhibited delayed biliary proliferation and GCM, with predominant sulfated mucins appearing during the chronic phase (days 28–56). BrdU immunoreactivity indicated earlier and stronger bile duct epithelial proliferation in mice, correlating with worm clearance by day 28. In hamsters, mucosal changes supported worm survival, as evidenced by continued parasite presence and egg production. Statistical analyses confirmed significant differences in mucin types and hyperplasia between species across infection stages. Distinct mucosal responses in hamsters and mice reflect their susceptibility to OV infection. Acid mucins in mice facilitate worm expulsion, while sulfated mucins in hamsters appear to promote parasite persistence. These findings highlight the dual roles of mucins in host defense and parasite survival, providing insight into mechanisms underlying susceptibility and resistance in OV infections.

Wound healing is a complex biological process often hindered by bacterial infections, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Conventional antibiotic treatments face challenges due to antimicrobial resistance, necessitating alternative approaches. This study evaluates the efficacy of blue laser-activated silver nanoparticles synthesized from grape seed extract (GSE-AgNPs) in promoting wound healing and reducing bacterial load in Wistar mice. GSE-AgNPs were synthesized and characterized before application. Wistar mice were divided into three experimental groups: (1) blue laser therapy alone, (2) GSE-AgNPs alone, and (3) combined treatment. A 2.5 cm incision was created on the dorsal side of each mouse, and treatments were administered on days 1, 3, and 5 post-incision. Wound healing progression was assessed through histopathology, bacterial colony counts, and immune response markers (lymphocyte and monocyte levels). Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Compared with individual treatments, the combination of GSE-AgNPs and blue laser therapy significantly improved wound healing outcomes. The combined therapy led to a 60% reduction in wound size and an 88.73% decrease in S. aureus bacterial load. Immune response markers showed enhanced activity, with lymphocyte levels increasing by 75% and monocyte levels rising by 50%, indicating a stronger immune response. Histopathological analysis confirmed accelerated re-epithelialization and increased fibroblast activity in the combination therapy group. The findings suggest that blue laser-activated GSE-AgNPs provide a promising alternative for enhancing wound healing and bacterial infection control, particularly against MRSA. The synergistic effect of nanoparticles and laser activation promotes immune modulation and tissue regeneration. Future research should explore clinical applications and dosage optimization for human use.

Angiogenesis and anti-apoptosis play crucial roles in ischemic stroke recovery. The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) secretome, rich in bioactive molecules, presents a promising therapeutic avenue. However, optimizing the culture conditions to enhance the expression of angiogenic markers remains a challenge. This study examines the effect of hypoxic preconditioning on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and microRNA (miRNA-128) in the secretome of umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) from Macaca fascicularis. UC-MSCs were cultured under normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic conditions (1%, 3%, and 5% O2) for 48 h. The secretome was isolated, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the expression of VEGF, MCP-1, MMP-2, and miRNA-128. Expression levels were normalized to housekeeping genes and analyzed using statistical methods to determine significant differences among groups. Hypoxic preconditioning significantly upregulated VEGF (1% O2), MCP-1 (5% O2), and miRNA-128 (5% O2) expression compared to normoxic conditions. Conversely, MMP-2 expression was highest in normoxic conditions and downregulated under hypoxia. In addition, miRNA-128 was found to be predominantly secreted into the extracellular space under hypoxic conditions rather than retained within cells. Hypoxic preconditioning effectively modulates the expression of key angiogenesis and anti-apoptotic markers in UC-MSCs. The study highlights the importance of optimizing oxygen levels to enhance the therapeutic potential of MSCderived secretomes for ischemic stroke treatment. Future research should focus on in vivo validation and clinical translation of these findings.

Maintaining genetic diversity and preventing inbreeding depression in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) are crucial challenges that require effective breeding management and conservation strategies. This study aimed to assess genetic diversity and evaluate the effectiveness of currently available molecular markers as breeding management tools in captive Asian elephant populations at the Elephant Kingdom (EK) in Thailand. Data were collected from identification certificates of elephants at the EK, including age, sex, parentage, and genotypes of 16 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms (mtSNPs). An observation-based pedigree was constructed to estimate pedigree-based kinship coefficients, which were compared to molecular-based kinship coefficients. Population and genetic diversity indices were analyzed. Pedigree-based and molecular-based kinship coefficients were compared to evaluate marker efficiency. The population had a balanced sex ratio of 0.97:1 (male: female). Based on the 16 mtSNPs, the mean observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity were 0.4451 and 0.5278, respectively, indicating a heterozygous deficit. The pedigree-based and molecular-based kinship coefficients differed significantly and negatively correlated (r = −0.28, p < 0.05). The molecular-based method estimated higher kinship coefficients than the pedigree-based method. Evaluation of mtSNP markers highlights their utility in assessing genetic diversity and kinship in captive Asian elephant populations in EK, Thailand. However, the observed discrepancies between pedigree-based and molecular-based kinship estimates underscore the limitations of the current mtSNP panel. The findings emphasize the need for integrating nuclear SNPs to enhance the precision of genetic management strategies, enabling better-informed decisions to preserve genetic diversity and mitigate inbreeding risks in conservation breeding programs, not only for the EK but also as a framework that can be adapted for broader conservation efforts.

Maintaining intraocular pressure (IOP) stability during ophthalmic procedures is essential to ensuring surgical success and reducing complications related to IOP fluctuations. This study aimed to evaluate IOP dynamics in dogs undergoing mild-pain ophthalmic procedures under three different premedication protocols: butorphanol alone (B), butorphanol with medetomidine (BM), and butorphanol with acepromazine (BA). Thirty clinically healthy client-owned dogs of various breeds (19 males, 11 females, aged 4 months–11 years, weight 7.8–79 kg) were randomized into three groups. IOP was measured at multiple perioperative time points using rebound tonometry: premedication (T0), 5 (T5), and 10 (T10) min after premedication, after intubation (Tint), before surgery (Tbsur), post-surgery (Tasur), during extubation (Text), and before discharge (Tlea). Statistical analyses, including t-tests and Pearson correlation, were performed to assess differences in IOP within and between groups. Significant changes in IOP were observed at different time points across groups. The B group showed a significant IOP increase between T0 (15.55 ± 3.50 mmHg) and Tint (19.3 ± 4.19 mmHg) (p < 0.05). In the BM group, IOP increased from T0 (15.9 ± 2.77 mmHg) to Tint (19.15 ± 4.52 mmHg) and decreased significantly postoperatively at Tasur (13.5 ± 3.50 mmHg). The BA group exhibited significant IOP reductions from T0 (20.35 ± 2.78 mmHg) to Tbsur (16.45 ± 3.97 mmHg) and Tlea (17.15 ± 4.22 mmHg). No correlation was found between IOP and sex, breed, or age. IOP remained within normal ranges throughout the perioperative period in all groups. Acepromazine, in combination with butorphanol, was the most effective in attenuating the IOP increase caused by intubation, suggesting its potential advantage in patients at risk of corneal perforation. Clinically, premedication selection should prioritize minimal IOP fluctuation to enhance surgical outcomes.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by persistent joint inflammation and systemic immune dysregulation. The current pharmacological treatments, primarily synthetic drugs, often present adverse effects and long-term toxicity. This study explores the therapeutic potential of Coprinus comatus nanogels as a novel herbal formulation with antiarthritic and anti-inflammatory properties in a Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced rat model of RA. The study aims to evaluate the efficacy of C. comatus nanogels in reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, antibody production, paw edema, and arthritis indices and to assess their potential as a safer alternative to conventional RA therapies. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomized into six groups: Healthy control, negative control (CFA-induced without treatment), positive control (sodium diclofenac 0.012 g/mL), and three treatment groups (TG1, TG2, and TG3) receiving 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg C. comatus nanogels, respectively. Oral treatments were administered for 30 days. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β), antibodies (immunoglobulin [Ig]G, IgE), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme activity, paw edema, and arthritis indices were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and standard methods. Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way analysis of variance. The 750 mg/kg dose of C. comatus nanogels significantly reduced TNF-α (17.71%), IL-1β (19.83%), and IgE (23.91%) levels. The 250 mg/kg dose exhibited the highest reductions in IL-6 (30.88%) and COX-2 (16.54%) levels. TGs demonstrated a 27.75% reduction in paw edema and a 45.45% reduction in arthritis indices. Key bioactive compounds contributing to these effects included flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoids, and β-glucans. C. comatus nanogels demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic properties, suggesting their potential as an alternative herbal treatment for RA. Further studies are recommended to explore the long-term safety and clinical applicability of C. comatus nanogels in human RA management.

Methionine is an essential amino acid in broiler nutrition, playing a crucial role in growth performance and liver metabolism. As an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), this study aimed to evaluate the effects of DL-Methionine and L-Methionine supplementation on liver metabolism, antioxidant activity, and growth performance in broilers raised without AGPs. A total of 440 one-day-old Cobb 500 male broiler chicks were assigned to 11 groups: A control group and 10 treatment groups receiving graded levels (70%, 85%, 100%, 115%, and 130%) of either DL-Methionine or L-Methionine. The study assessed body weight, liver mass index, D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) activity, serum glutathione concentration, and liver histopathology across three growth stages: Starter (day 11), grower (day 25), and finisher (day 35). L-Methionine supplementation resulted in greater body weight gain compared to DL-Methionine, particularly in the finisher stage. DL-Methionine demonstrated a stronger influence on liver metabolism by increasing DAAO activity and reducing oxidative stress, as indicated by lower serum glutathione levels. No significant histopathological alterations were observed among the groups, confirming the safety of both methionine sources. While L-Methionine improved growth performance, DL-Methionine effectively enhanced liver metabolism and reduced oxidative stress. These findings suggest that DL-Methionine may support liver function, whereas L-Methionine is more effective for weight gain in broilers raised without AGPs.

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and can lead to irreversible blindness in dogs. Cyclocryotherapy, a cyclodestructive surgical technique, reduces IOP by damaging the ciliary body epithelium to decrease aqueous humor production. Limited data exist on its clinical outcomes and complications in canine patients. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and post-operative complications of cyclocryotherapy in dogs with primary and secondary glaucoma. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the medical records of 73 eyes from 58 dogs treated with cyclocryotherapy at Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (2018–2023). The procedure involved applying a double cycle of freezing and thawing using a cryoprobe on 8–10 scleral sites. Evaluations occurred at weeks 1 and 2, then at 1, 3, and 6 months post-operatively. Data collected included IOP, anti-glaucoma medication use, post-operative complications, and vision status. Statistical analyses involved paired t-tests, Chi-square tests, and repeated measures analysis of variance. Primary glaucoma was present in 40 eyes (54.79%) and secondary glaucoma in 33 eyes (45.21%). Mean pre-operative IOP for primary and secondary glaucoma was 42 ± 36 mmHg and 50.7 ± 14.5 mmHg, respectively, significantly decreasing to 18.3 ± 12.84 mmHg and 14.42 ± 12.06 mmHg at the final follow-up (p < 0.001). The success rate was 83.56%, with 92.30% of eyes preserving vision. Post-operative complications occurred in 50% of cases, primarily conjunctivitis (28.76%). The frequency of anti-glaucoma medication use significantly decreased in both groups (p < 0.001). Cyclocryotherapy effectively manages canine glaucoma, significantly reducing IOP and medication dependence while preserving vision in most cases. Although complications were noted, they were generally manageable. Prospective studies are recommended to refine treatment protocols and validate these findings.

Gastrointestinal parasites are a common health concern in poultry, particularly in free-range farming systems. Local ducks (Anas platyrhynchos javanicus) in Indonesia are frequently exposed to various parasitic infections due to their extensive foraging behavior. Parasitic infections can reduce productivity, cause economic losses, and impact animal welfare. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in ducks raised at different altitudes in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and assess the influence of altitude and seasonal variation on infection rates. A total of 201 fecal samples were collected from local female ducks in three different altitude regions – coastal (<100 m), lowland (100–200 m), and highland (>200 m) – between November 2019 and May 2020, covering both the rainy and dry seasons. Fecal samples were manually collected and analyzed using the flotation method to detect parasitic eggs and oocytes. The occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites was statistically analyzed using Chi-square test. Overall, 51.24% of the ducks were infected with gastrointestinal parasites. Nematodes were the predominant parasites, with Capillaria spp. (43.78%) and Trichostrongylus spp. (22.89%) being the most frequently detected species. Protozoa such as coccidia (5.97%) and cestodes like Raillietina spp. (1.49%) were also identified. The occurrence of infection varied significantly with altitude, being highest in lowland (61.43%) and highland areas (61.54%) compared to coastal regions (30.30%). Seasonal variation also influenced infection rates, with a higher occurrence observed during the rainy season (67.19%) than in the dry season (43.80%). Most infected ducks had single parasitic infections (80.39%), while mixed infections were less common. This study highlights the significant impact of altitude and season on the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in local ducks in Yogyakarta. The findings suggest that nematodes, particularly Capillaria spp., are the most persistent and widespread parasites. Implementing targeted deworming programs during the rainy season, improving farm sanitation, and educating farmers on parasite monitoring could help mitigate infections and improve duck health and productivity.

Emerging infectious diseases, with 75% originating from zoonotic sources, highlight the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic underscored the importance of the One Health (OH) approach, especially in rural and ethnic communities where cultural practices and wildlife interactions may amplify zoonotic disease risks. This study determined the healthcare-seeking behaviors and wildlife interface of the Phu Thai ethnic group in Mukdahan Province, Thailand, to understand their cultural practices, zoonotic disease risks, and pandemic-related adaptations. From June to July 2023, a qualitative study was conducted in three villages of Nong Sung District, Mukdahan Province. Data collection included 3 focus group discussions (16 respondents), 6 in-depth interviews, and 5 key informant interviews, with a total of 27 respondents consisting of community members, leaders, and government officials. Thematic analysis was performed to explore cultural traditions, wildlife interactions, healthcare practices, and perceptions of COVID-19. The Phu Thai people maintain a deep connection to cultural traditions, including ancestral rituals and wildlife use for food and ceremonies. While traditional practices such as consuming raw wildlife persist, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced their attitudes, leading to increased caution and community-driven preventive measures. Limited knowledge about zoonotic diseases and unsafe practices, such as handling wildlife without protection, were identified as risk factors. Accessibility to healthcare services was moderate, with language barriers and resource constraints posing challenges. However, the community demonstrated resilience by adopting local initiatives such as mask-making and remote traditional healing. This study highlights the complex interplay between culture, healthcare access, and zoonotic risks in the Phu Thai community. Enhancing culturally sensitive health education, promoting safe wildlife interaction practices, and leveraging the OH framework can reduce zoonotic disease risks while respecting traditional practices. The findings suggest that key stakeholders, such as community members, leaders, traditional healers, public health officers, local authorities, and relevant stakeholders, should be informed to gather their feedback and support in improving policies and regulations related to wildlife contact and practices. These efforts are expected to contribute to sustainable health outcomes and align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 (health and well-being) and SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production).

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens necessitates the exploration of alternatives to growth-promoting antibiotics (GPAs) in poultry production. This study evaluated a commercial additive containing plant extracts (carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde) as a potential replacement for GPAs in broiler chickens, focusing on productive parameters, cecal microbiota composition, cecal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, and small intestinal histomorphology. The study involved 100 one-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chickens, divided into two treatment groups: Group 1 (control) received a basal diet (BD) with avilamycin (100 g/T), and Group 2 received a BD with a phytogenic feed additive (PFA) containing 10% carvacrol and 10% cinnamaldehyde (100 g/Tn). Over 42 days, the study measured total weight gain (TWG), feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass yield, digestive tract length, intestinal histomorphometry, VFA concentration, and cecal microbiota composition. The PFA-treated group showed a 1.67% improvement in TWG and a 5.7% improvement in FCR compared to the control. The digestive tract length increased by 20 cm with PFA supplementation. While no significant differences were observed in cecal microbiota counts and VFA concentrations, a trend toward increased lactic acid bacteria and VFA levels was noted. Histomorphological analysis indicated enhanced villus height and a higher villus height-to-crypt depth ratio in the PFA group. The findings suggest that carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde-based PFAs may serve as viable alternatives to GPAs, promoting growth performance and gut health in broiler chickens. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action and confirm these preliminary results in larger-scale studies.

Heat stress (HS) negatively impacts poultry production by reducing growth performance and compromising physiological health. Nutritional strategies, particularly amino acid supplementation, are explored to mitigate these adverse effects. This study evaluates the impact of high dietary threonine supplementation on growth performance, health biomarkers, oxidative status, meat quality, and intestinal histology in cyclic HS broilers. A total of 288 1-day-old Hubbard broilers were randomly allocated to six treatment groups: Thermoneutral, HS control, and HS supplemented with 125% (HS-125), 150% (HS-150), 175% (HS-175), and 200% (HS-200) of NRC-recommended threonine. Birds in the HS groups were exposed to cyclic HS (35°C, 75% relative humidity) from day 22 to day 42. Growth performance was recorded weekly, while physiological parameters, oxidative stress markers, and jejunal histology were analyzed post-exsanguination. HS significantly reduced body weight gain and feed intake, while threonine supplementation did not improve these parameters. However, liver weight, serum albumin, and cholesterol levels improved at higher threonine doses (175%–200%). Threonine also reduced serum corticosterone and malondialdehyde levels, suggesting enhanced stress resilience. Superoxide dismutase activity, an indicator of oxidative defense, improved in threonine-supplemented groups. In jejunal histology, acidic goblet cells increased, and intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration decreased in birds supplemented with 175%–200% threonine, indicating enhanced gut integrity. Meat quality attributes, including crude protein and oxidative stability, showed minor but inconsistent variations across treatments. Although high dietary threonine supplementation (175%–200%) improved stress resilience by enhancing oxidative status, intestinal health, and selected physiological biomarkers in HS broilers, however, it failed to enhance growth performance. These findings suggest that while threonine supports physiological adaptations under HS, its use as a growth promoter under HS conditions may not be economically viable. Further studies are warranted to optimize amino acid balance in HS broilers for improved productivity.

Dengue fever, primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti, remains a critical public health challenge in Indonesia, with periodic outbreaks exacerbated by widespread insecticide resistance. Resistance to organophosphates and pyrethroids limits vector control efforts, necessitating updated insights into resistance patterns and their genetic underpinnings. This study aimed to evaluate and map insecticide resistance and associated genetic mutations in Ae. aegypti across Indonesia, providing actionable insights for vector management strategies. This systematic review adheres to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, encompassing studies from 2010 to 2023 identified through PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and Embase. Keywords targeted Ae. aegypti, insecticide classes, resistance, and Indonesian regions. Inclusion criteria focused on field-derived populations subjected to World Health Organization bioassays for organophosphates (malathion and temefos) and pyrethroids (cypermethrin, deltamethrin, etc.), alongside analyses of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) and acetylcholinesterase-1 (Ace-1) genes. Data synthesis included resistance trends, spatial mapping, and allele frequency analyses. Resistance to malathion and temefos is extensive, with sporadic susceptibility in specific districts. Pyrethroid resistance is pervasive, particularly for cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, with deltamethrin exhibiting isolated susceptibility. Genetic analyses reveal Vgsc mutations (V1016G, F1534C) as key drivers of pyrethroid resistance, while Ace-1 mutations remain unreported. The evolution of resistance correlates with indiscriminate insecticide usage, urbanization, and climatic factors. The growing prevalence of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti underscores the urgent need for integrated vector management strategies. These should incorporate insecticide rotation, resistance monitoring, and community engagement to mitigate resistance and support sustainable dengue control efforts in Indonesia.

Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease that remains under-reported and misdiagnosed, particularly in tropical regions such as Malaysia. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of leptospirosis cases in humans and animals in Malaysia from 1976 to 2023, examining trends in prevalence, outbreak patterns, diagnostic advancements, and associated risk factors. The disease is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or indirectly via contaminated water and soil, with rodents serving as a major reservoir. In Malaysia, leptospirosis prevalence has increased in recent years, with a notable correlation between outbreaks and occupational exposure, recreational water activities, and monsoon-related flooding. Surveillance data indicate that specific populations, including agricultural workers, town service employees, and animal handlers, are at elevated risk. Furthermore, the disease is commonly misdiagnosed due to its clinical similarities with other endemic febrile illnesses, such as dengue fever and malaria. Advances in diagnostic methodologies, particularly the increasing use of molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have enhanced early detection, although serological tests remain widely used in epidemiological studies. This review underscores the necessity of a One Health approach, integrating human, animal, and environmental health strategies to improve surveillance and control measures. Future research should focus on strengthening diagnostic capabilities, understanding environmental reservoirs, and implementing targeted public health interventions to mitigate leptospirosis transmission in Malaysia.

Staphylococcus aureus is a significant foodborne pathogen responsible for producing enterotoxins, particularly staphylococcal enterotoxins A (SEA) and staphylococcal enterotoxins B (SEB), which are frequently found in milk and dairy products. These toxins in raw milk pose a risk to public health, necessitating accurate and rapid detection methods. This study aimed to develop and evaluate two immunoassays – antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) and dot-blot assay – for detecting SEA and SEB in cow milk. The sensitivity and specificity of these assays were compared with the standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. A total of 30 raw milk samples from Boyolali, Central Java, were subjected to microbiological, genotypic, and immunological analyses. The presence of S. aureus was confirmed through culture on Mannitol Salt Agar, biochemical identification, and PCR targeting 23S ribosomal RNA, nuc, and coa genes. Recombinant SEA and SEB proteins were used to generate polyclonal antibodies for immunoassay development. Dot-blot assays employed nitrocellulose membranes blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin in tris-buffered saline-Tween 20, while AC-ELISA utilized these antibodies for antigen capture. PCR confirmed the presence of the sea (127 bp) and seb (477 bp) genes. The performance of the immunoassays was statistically evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and agreement with PCR. Out of 30 isolates, 27 (90%) were confirmed as S. aureus. PCR detected the sea and seb genes in 23.3% and 30.8% of isolates, respectively. AC-ELISA exhibited sensitivity and specificity of 71.4% and 85% for SEA and 75% and 89.5% for SEB, respectively. The Dot-blot assay demonstrated higher sensitivity (85% for SEA and 87.5% for SEB) but comparable specificity (85.7% for SEA and 84.2% for SEB). Kappa values indicated substantial agreement between the immunoassays and PCR results. Both AC-ELISA and Dot-blot assays demonstrated considerable potential for detecting SEA and SEB in raw cow milk. The Dot-blot assay exhibited superior sensitivity, whereas AC-ELISA offered higher specificity. These immunoassays provide viable alternatives to PCR, particularly in resource-limited settings, offering cost-effective and rapid detection of S. aureus enterotoxins. Further refinement and validation with larger sample sizes are necessary to enhance diagnostic accuracy and minimize cross-reactivity.

Soybean meal (SBM) is the primary protein source in broiler diets; however, its high cost and import dependency necessitate alternative protein sources. Sunflower meal (SFM) is a viable alternative but contains high fiber and non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs), which can impair nutrient utilization. This study evaluated the effects of partially replacing SBM with SFM, with or without NSP degrading enzymes (NSPase) enzyme supplementation, on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, digesta viscosity, and gut morphology in broilers. A total of 588 day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments following a 3 × 2 factorial design, with three levels of SBM replacement (0%, 10%, and 20% SFM) and two levels of NSPase supplementation (0 or 100 g/ton feed). Diets were formulated for the starter (1–10 days), grower (11–21 days), and finisher (22–35 days) phases. Growth performance (body weight gain [BWG], feed intake [FI], feed conversion ratio [FCR]), nutrient digestibility (dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and crude fiber [CF]), digesta viscosity, and gut morphology (villus height [VH], crypt depth [CD], villus width, and villus-to-crypt ratio) were assessed. Statistical analysis was conducted using two-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s test for mean comparisons (p < 0.05). Replacing SBM with up to 20% SFM did not significantly impact BWG (p > 0.05), FI (p > 0.05), or FCR (p > 0.05). However, digesta viscosity increased significantly with higher SFM levels (p < 0.001), while NSPase supplementation reduced viscosity (p < 0.001). CF digestibility was lower with increasing SFM levels (p < 0.01) but improved with NSPase addition (p < 0.01). Gut morphology parameters, including VH and CD, were negatively affected by higher SFM inclusion but showed improvement with NSPase supplementation. SBM can be partially replaced with up to 20% SFM in broiler diets without compromising growth performance. However, increasing SFM levels can reduce CF digestibility and increase digesta viscosity. The addition of NSPase enzymes mitigates these adverse effects by enhancing fiber digestibility and reducing gut viscosity. These findings support the use of SFM as an economically viable protein alternative in broiler feed formulations, particularly in SBM-importing regions.

Salmonella contamination in eggs poses a significant public health risk, particularly in alternative egg production systems where contamination and antimicrobial resistance remain underexplored. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of Salmonella contamination in three different egg production systems in Phayao, Thailand, and analyze serovar diversity, antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and genetic profiles. A total of 750 eggs were sampled from cage, free-range, and organic egg production systems, purchased from supermarkets in Phayao Province. Eggshells and contents were separately analyzed using conventional microbiological methods to isolate Salmonella. Phenotypic identification, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed. Genotypic characterization, including virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene detection, was conducted using polymerase chain reaction. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was employed to determine genetic diversity. Salmonella contamination was detected in three eggshell samples (0.4%), with one positive sample from each production system. The identified serovars were Salmonella Mbandaka (cage eggs), Salmonella Corvallis (free-range eggs), and Salmonella Cerro (organic eggs). Antimicrobial resistance was observed in only one isolate, S. Mbandaka, which exhibited resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and carried the sul1 and sul2 genes. All Salmonella isolates harbored virulence genes (invA, sopB, and stn). MLST analysis identified three distinct sequence types (ST413, ST1541, and ST1593) corresponding to the detected serovars. This study demonstrates a low occurrence of Salmonella contamination in eggshells across different production systems, with no contamination detected in egg contents. The presence of distinct serovars and genetic types suggests varying contamination sources. Although antimicrobial resistance was minimal, the presence of virulence genes in all isolates highlights the potential risk of infection. Continuous monitoring and improved biosecurity measures in egg production and distribution are recommended to enhance food safety and public health.

p53 is a critical tumor suppressor protein responsible for regulating the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis. Mutations in the p53 gene, particularly in the DNA-binding domain, are frequently associated with various cancers due to the loss of transcriptional activity. Curcumin and its derivatives have demonstrated potential as p53 enhancers and reactivators of mutant p53. This study employs in silico methods to evaluate the potential of curcumin derivatives to enhance wild-type p53 expression and restore the function of the p53 mutant R273H. Curcumin and 20 derivatives were selected from PubChem for computational analysis. Their potential as p53 enhancers was assessed using Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) analysis. Molecular docking was conducted to determine their binding affinities with wild-type and mutant p53 proteins, followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to evaluate ligand-receptor stability. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity assessments were performed using predictive computational models to evaluate their drug-like properties. QSAR analysis identified hexahydrocurcumin (probable activity [Pa]: 0.837) and tetrahydrocurcumin (Pa: 0.752) as the most potent p53 enhancers. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities for curcumin derivatives at key p53 binding residues, particularly through hydrogen bonds with His 273 of the R273H mutant. MD simulations demonstrated that curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and monodemethylcurcumin stabilized p53 mutant R273H, closely mimicking the structural stability of wild-type p53. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated favorable absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profiles for most derivatives, with low toxicity predicted for the majority. Curcumin and its derivatives exhibit dual functions as p53 enhancers and reactivators of the p53 mutant R273H. Hexahydrocurcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin emerged as promising compounds with strong bioactivity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties, suggesting their potential as anticancer agents. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to validate these findings and explore their therapeutic applications.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, with increasing incidences of drug-sensitive (DS) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB. In addition, Mycobacterium bovis-induced zoonotic TB (zTB) presents treatment difficulties due to its resistance to pyrazinamide and the prolonged treatment duration required. This study aims to evaluate the antitubercular potential of β-aminopropioamidoxime derivatives against DS and MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis strains, and utilizing the SwissADME prognostic tool to predict the drug- and lead-likeness of the described compounds. Six β-aminopropioamidoxime derivatives were synthesized through O-aroylation of amidoxime followed by dehydration to form 1,2,4-oxadiazoles. The compounds were tested in vitro against DS, MDR M. tuberculosis, and M. bovis using Sotton’s liquid medium and subcultured on dense Lowenstein-Jensen medium. SwissADME was used to predict drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties. The derivatives exhibited significant antitubercular activity, with in vitro efficacy 5–100 times greater than rifampicin. 1,2,4-oxadiazoles with para-bromo and meta-chloro substituents demonstrated the highest activity against DS and MDR M. tuberculosis, while O-para-toluoyl-β-(morpholin-1-yl)propioamidoxime salts (hydrochloride, oxalate and citrate) were 10 times more active against M. bovis. SwissADME analysis confirmed favorable pharmacokinetic properties, including high gastrointestinal absorption and drug-likeness, with lead-likeness identified in four compounds. The study presents β-aminopropioamidoxime derivatives as promising candidates for antitubercular therapy against both human and zTB. Their enhanced activity, oral bioavailability, and potential integration into new treatment regimens underscore their therapeutic relevance. Further in vivo studies are recommended to validate their efficacy and safety for clinical applications.

Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) pose significant threats to cattle farming, impacting livestock health, productivity, and economic sustainability. In communal farming systems, the challenges of tick control are exacerbated by limited resources, acaricide resistance, and climate change. This study assesses communal cattle farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding ticks, TBDs, and the control measures implemented in the Eastern Cape Province (ECP) of South Africa. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using structured questionnaires administered to 100 cattle farmers across 20 communities in four vegetation types: Albany coastal belt (ACB), Amathole montane grassland (AMG), Bhisho thornveld (BT), and Great fish thicket (GFT). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s Chi-square tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests to determine associations between farmer demographics, livestock management practices, and the prevalence of TBDs. Most respondents (85%) were male, with an average age of 60 years, and 65% had only primary education. Livestock ownership varied across vegetation types, with cattle numbers ranging between 12.8 ± 1.17 and 15.6 ± 1.35 per farmer. Tick infestation was perceived as a major constraint, with adult cattle more affected than calves (χ2 = 15.98, p < 0.001). The most commonly reported TBDs were redwater (100%), gallsickness (90%), and heartwater (43%), with heartwater absent in AMG. Tick control methods included plunge dipping (90%) and the use of alternative treatments such as used motor oil (54%) and Jeyes fluid (35%). Acaricide inefficacy, poor mixing practices, and the uncontrolled movement of cattle were identified as major constraints to effective tick management. Communal cattle farmers in the ECP recognize ticks and TBDs as critical challenges, with variations in TBD prevalence linked to vegetation type. Ineffective acaricide use and resistance are growing concerns, necessitating improved extension services and farmer education. Sustainable tick management strategies should integrate scientific knowledge with indigenous practices to enhance livestock health and productivity in communal farming systems.