After more than three decades of freedom from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), Indonesia experienced widespread outbreaks in 2022–2023, raising major concerns regarding viral evolution and vaccine effectiveness. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O remains the predominant circulating serotype in the region. However, the immunological and structural consequences of recent genetic variation have not been comprehensively evaluated. This study aimed to integrate molecular, immunoinformatic, and structural analyses to characterize FMDV serotype O isolates from West Java and South Sumatra and to assess their implications for antigenicity, immune recognition, and vaccine matching.  Clinical epithelial samples were collected from naturally infected cattle during outbreaks in West Java and South Sumatra. Viral RNA was extracted, and the capsid genes VP1, VP2, and VP3 were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using VP1 nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Immunoinformatic analyses were conducted to predict VP1-derived T-cell (BoLA-restricted) and B-cell epitopes, followed by in silico evaluation of antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity. Structural analyses included prediction of VP1 ligand-binding pockets and molecular docking between VP1 and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) to explore innate immune recognition. Sequence comparison revealed reduced identity of VP1 (98.26–99.05%) and VP3 (as low as 98.48%) relative to the 2022 Indonesian reference strain. Phylogenetic analysis identified three nucleotide-based clusters and two amino acid–based clusters, indicating intra-country diversification and the emergence of potential micro-lineages. Several amino acid substitutions occurred near known immunogenic regions of VP1, resulting in altered T- and B-cell epitope binding profiles in selected isolates. Predicted epitopes were predominantly antigenic and non-toxic, although some showed potential allergenicity. Structural modeling demonstrated variability in VP1 binding-pocket composition among isolates. Docking analysis revealed favorable VP1–TLR7 interactions, particularly in selected South Sumatra isolates, suggesting strong innate immune engagement.  This integrated molecular–immunoinformatic–structural analysis demonstrates that newly circulating Indonesian FMDV serotype O isolates exhibit genetic, antigenic, and structural divergence that may reduce current vaccine matching. Continuous molecular surveillance and regionally adapted vaccine design are therefore essential to maintain effective FMD control in Indonesia.

The equine hindgut depends on microbial fermentation for efficient nutrient utilization but remains vulnerable to dysbiosis, hindgut acidosis, and suboptimal fiber digestion. Growing restrictions on antibiotic and synthetic feed additives have increased interest in natural phytogenic compounds. Medicinal plant extracts and condensed tannins are promising candidates to modulate microbial activity, improve fermentation efficiency, and enhance nutrient digestibility. This study aimed to investigate the individual and combined effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Ferula asafoetida and condensed tannins extracted from raisin pomace on equine cecal fermentation parameters and nutrient utilization using in vitro gas production and batch culture techniques.  A 2 × 2 factorial in vitro design was used with four treatments: control (C; basal diet only), F. asafoetida extract (A; 30 mg), condensed tannins from raisin pomace (G; 50 mg), and their combination (A × G). Fecal inoculum was collected from four healthy 14-month-old Arabian geldings adapted for 14 days to a forage-based maintenance diet. Fermentation kinetics were evaluated over 120 h using the in vitro gas production technique and fitted to the Gompertz model. Parallel batch cultures measured pH, ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N), and apparent disappearances of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Data were analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS with Tukey–Kramer post-hoc tests (p < 0.05).  Cumulative gas production at 120 h was significantly higher in G (340.5 mL) and A × G (340.3 mL) than in C (228.8 mL) (p < 0.01), with faster fermentation rates and shorter lag times (p < 0.01). Terminal pH values remained stable (6.33–6.40) across treatments with no indication of acidosis. NH₃-N concentrations were elevated in G (26.0 mg/dL) and A × G (25.5 mg/dL) compared with C (24.5 mg/dL) (p < 0.01). Apparent digestibility improved markedly: DM increased from 64.5% (C) to 70.3% (G), CP from 60.3% (C) to 66.9% (G), with parallel positive trends observed for ADF and NDF (p < 0.01).  Supplementation with F. asafoetida extract and condensed tannins from raisin pomace, especially in combination, enhanced fermentation efficiency, accelerated substrate degradation, and improved nutrient digestibility while maintaining stable pH in an in vitro equine cecal model. These findings indicate strong potential for these phytogenic compounds as sustainable natural feed additives to optimize equine hindgut function. In vivo validation, dose optimization, and long-term microbiome studies are recommended to confirm practical efficacy and safety in horses. 

Escherichia coli is a common intestinal commensal in poultry, but avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) strains can cause colibacillosis and pose zoonotic risks due to genetic similarities with human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Quails sold in traditional markets may serve as reservoirs for multidrug-resistant (MDR) and virulent strains, yet data from Indonesia are limited. Iron acquisition systems, such as the iroN gene encoding the salmochelin siderophore receptor, are critical virulence determinants in APEC, enabling survival in iron-limited host environments and potentially linking to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This cross-sectional laboratory-based study aimed to detect MDR E. coli from quail cloacal swabs in Surabaya's traditional markets and screen MDR isolates for the iroN gene, highlighting market level risks within a One Health framework.  From November to December 2024, 150 cloacal swabs were collected from quails across five traditional markets (Turi, Bratang, Cemara Pabean, Kupang, and Benowo) in Surabaya, Indonesia. Samples were enriched in buffered peptone water, streaked on eosin methylene blue agar and MacConkey agar, and confirmed as E. coli via Gram staining and biochemical tests (Triple Sugar Iron Agar, Simmons Citrate Agar, Sulfide Indole Motility, and Methyl Red–Voges Proskauer). Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar against aztreonam (ATM 30 μg), ciprofloxacin (CIP, 5 μg), tetracycline (TE, 30 μg), kanamycin (K, 30 μg), and chloramphenicol (C, 30 μg), interpreted per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M100 (2023) guidelines. MDR was defined as resistance to ≥3 antibiotic classes. MDR isolates underwent polymerase chain reaction for iroN detection.  E. coli was isolated from 148/150 samples (98.7%), with 100% positivity in Turi, Bratang, and Cemara Pabean markets. Resistance rates were highest to C (33.1%), followed by TE (22.3%), ATM (13.5%), K (6.1%), and C (4.7%). Four isolates (2.7%) were MDR, distributed in Turi (1), Cemara Pabean (2), and Kupang (1). MDR patterns included ATM/CIP/TE (two isolates), ATM/CIP/K (one), and ATM/CIP/TE/K/C (one). All four MDR isolates were positive for iroN, indicating a 100% association in this subset.  Quails in Surabaya's traditional markets harbor prevalent E. coli with notable AMR, including MDR strains carrying the iroN virulence gene, underscoring their role as potential APEC reservoirs. This convergence of resistance and virulence highlights zoonotic and public health risks, necessitating enhanced AMR surveillance, market hygiene, and antibiotic stewardship under One Health principles. Future studies should explore genomic mechanisms and transmission pathways. 

Biobanks represent organized repositories of biological samples linked to associated data, designed for long-term scientific, clinical, and forensic utilization. In veterinary medicine, animal biobanks facilitate biomedical research, genetic resource preservation, species conservation, and forensic investigations. The present systematic review aimed to synthesize advances, persistent challenges, and practical applications of biobanks in veterinary forensic medicine, with particular emphasis on their contribution to detection, investigation, and suppression of wildlife trafficking.  A systematic literature search was conducted across Periódicos Capes, PubMed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect databases, covering publications from 2013 to 2023. Search strings combined terms such as “animal biobank”, “animal biorepository”, “wildlife forensic”, “wildlife trafficking”, and “forensic veterinary” (English), together with Portuguese equivalents. Only peer-reviewed articles published in English or Portuguese that explicitly addressed biobanks in veterinary forensic contexts or wildlife crime were included. The review adhered to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Screening involved title/abstract evaluation followed by full-text assessment. Data were narratively synthesized.  Of 1,495 records identified, 15 studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria after exclusion of 1,460 irrelevant or non-qualifying publications. No eligible articles appeared between 2013 and 2014. From 2015 onward, publications demonstrated progressive refinement, transitioning from molecular barcoding for species identification toward integrated applications in geographic origin assignment, chain-of-custody documentation, and evidentiary support in judicial proceedings. Key materials included DNA from muscle, scales, claws, and feathers; cryopreserved gonadal tissues; and somatic cells derived from minimally invasive sources (e.g., feather follicles) or roadkill specimens. Studies highlighted particular utility in identifying fraudulently labeled fishery products, counterfeit mammalian derivatives (e.g., fake tiger claws), and confiscated pangolin scales, as well as in tracing trafficking routes in high biodiversity regions.  Veterinary forensic biobanks offer substantial potential for accurate species and geographic provenance determination, thereby strengthening enforcement against illegal wildlife trade. Nevertheless, implementation remains constrained by absent standardized operating procedures, limited practitioner awareness, fragmented reference databases, inadequate inter-institutional connectivity, and elevated logistic/financial demands. Regionalized biobanks integrated with wildlife screening centers (CETAS), harmonized chain-of-custody protocols, and artificial intelligence-supported data curation are proposed as priority strategies to translate existing scientific advances into routine forensic and conservation practice. 

Calf diarrhea represents a major threat to yak (Bos grunniens) husbandry on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where extreme environmental conditions (high altitude, low oxygen, cold temperatures) and irregular antibiotic use may accelerate the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens. This study aimed to isolate and identify the predominant bacterial agents responsible for diarrhea in yak calves, determine their antimicrobial resistance profiles, and investigate the genomic features and pathogenicity of the most resistant strain to provide evidence-based guidance for prevention and control.  Rectal swabs were collected from 12 naturally diarrheic yak calves across four geographically distinct farms in Huangyuan County, Qinghai Province, during the peak season (June–July). Bacterial isolates were obtained through enrichment in Luria-Bertani broth followed by plating on Luria-Bertani agar, and identified by Gram staining, 16S rRNA gene amplification (primers 27F/1492R), and Sanger sequencing with BLAST comparison (>99.5% identity). Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method with 17 antibiotics representing eight classes, interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute VET08-Ed4 breakpoints. The most MDR isolate (HYCQ01) underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION platform. Genome assembly quality was evaluated with BUSCO v5.4.7; virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes were annotated against the Virulence Factor Database and Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database, respectively (BLASTP, e-value ≤ 1e-5, identity ≥ 40%, length ≥ 50 bp). Pathogenicity was tested in 20 male C57BL/6 mice (7–8 weeks, 20 ± 2 g) via intraperitoneal injection of 1.0 × 10⁸ colony-forming units/mL bacterial suspension (100 μl/kg); survival was monitored, and organ histopathology (heart, jejunum, kidneys, liver, lungs, spleen) was examined after hematoxylin-eosin staining. All animal procedures were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee (No. 2024-030). Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 10.1.2 with one-way analysis of variance.  Eight Escherichia coli strains were isolated from the 12 samples and confirmed by 16S rRNA sequencing. All isolates displayed MDR phenotypes, showing 100% resistance to penicillin G and clindamycin, 87.5% to sulfafurazole, and 75.0% to erythromycin. WGS of HYCQ01 revealed 32 resistance classes and 152 resistance genes, consistent with its phenotype (including β-lactamases, macrolide-lincosamide resistance determinants, and tetracycline efflux pumps). Virulence genes included Type III secretion system components, alginate biofilm regulators, iron acquisition systems (pvdE), and hemolysins (rck). Phylogenetically, HYCQ01 clustered near enterotoxigenic E. coli O139:H28 but exhibited a hybrid profile combining animal-associated colonization factors (F17, CFA/I) with atypical extraintestinal traits. In the mouse model, HYCQ01 induced 100% mortality within 27 h post-challenge (p < 0.0001) and caused severe histopathological damage in spleen and jejunum, indicating strong systemic invasiveness. MDR E. coli, exemplified by the hybrid strain HYCQ01, predominates as a causative agent of yak calf diarrhea on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, shaped by local ecological pressures and horizontal gene transfer. These results highlight the urgent need for region-specific antimicrobial resistance surveillance, rational antibiotic stewardship, and exploration of non-antibiotic alternatives (probiotics, plant-derived antimicrobials) within a One Health framework. WGS data are deposited at NCBI under BioProject PRJNA1289237. 

The escalating demand for animal protein in Indonesia underscores the imperative for efficacious nutritional strategies to augment lamb productivity while safeguarding physiological integrity. Prior investigations have predominantly examined probiotics or herbal additives in isolation, yielding fragmented insights into their combined efficacy. This study endeavored to assess the integrated impacts of probiotic–herbal supplementation on growth performance, hematological indices, and serum biochemical profiles in local Indonesian lambs maintained on a concentrate-based ration, thereby furnishing comprehensive evidence on growth dynamics and physiometabolic safety.  Twelve female local lambs, aged approximately 6-7 months with an initial body weight (BW) of 20.33 ± 2.24 kg, were allocated into two cohorts: a control group receiving solely the basal diet and a treatment group administered the basal diet supplemented with a probiotic–herbal formulation. The supplement comprised Lactobacillus sp. (1.00 × 10⁷ CFU/mL), Aspergillus sp. (1.00 × 10⁵ CFU/mL), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5.25 × 10⁷ CFU/mL), and Azotobacter sp. (8.20 × 10⁶ CFU/mL), amalgamated with Curcuma longa and Curcuma xanthorrhiza (Herbal Farm, Sido Muncul, Semarang, Indonesia). The formulation was dispensed daily at 10 mL/L in drinking water over a 4-week duration following a 1-week acclimatization phase. BWs were quantified weekly utilizing a YDTech TCS-300 digital balance (Hangzhou Sifang Electronic Scales Co., Hangzhou, China). Blood specimens were procured post-treatment via jugular venipuncture into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-anticoagulated tubes for hematological evaluation using a Sysmex automated analyzer (Sysmex Corporation, Hyogo, Japan), encompassing red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume (PCV). Serum aliquots were analyzed for lipid profiles (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL]), hepatic enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], gamma-glutamyl transferase), and protein fractions (total protein, albumin [ALB], globulin [GLOB], ALB:GLOB ratio) employing Biocheck kits (Biocheck, Reeuwijk, Netherlands). Clinical metrics, including body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and rumen motility, were monitored weekly. Data underwent Shapiro-Wilk normality assessment followed by Student's t-test for intergroup comparisons (p < 0.05) via JMP software version 18 (SAS Institute Inc., North Carolina, USA). Ethical oversight was provided by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada (approval 111/EC-FKH/Int./2025).  Clinical parameters in both cohorts resided within physiological norms, with the treatment group manifesting enhanced stability in body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and rumen motility relative to controls. Supplementation elicited a significant elevation in weekly weight gain (1.13 ± 0.63 kg versus 0.67 ± 0.31 kg; p = 0.00177), albeit final BWs were comparable (21.99 ± 2.59 kg versus 21.39 ± 2.99 kg; p > 0.05). Hematological indices (red blood cell: 8.86 ± 1.65 × 10¹²/L versus 9.90 ± 2.09 × 10¹²/L; hemoglobin: 9.07 ± 1.04 g/dL versus 9.94 ± 1.78 g/dL; PCV: 28.67 ± 4.88% versus 26.44 ± 5.84%) remained unaltered and normative. Lipid analyses disclosed diminished triglycerides (42.50 ± 33.61 mg/dL versus 65.67 ± 56.53 mg/dL; p = 0.049) and LDL (14.67 ± 6.41 mg/dL versus 23.71 ± 14.08 mg/dL; p = 0.037) in treated lambs, with total cholesterol and HDL unaffected. Hepatic enzymes and protein profiles exhibited no intergroup disparities, though ALP and AST surpassed conventional ranges in both, indicative of physiological adaptation rather than pathology.  Probiotic–herbal supplementation incorporating C. longa and C. xanthorrhiza augments growth performance and ameliorates lipid metabolism in local lambs sans deleterious impacts on clinical, hematological, or hepatic profiles. These outcomes advocate its utility as a sustainable, antibiotic-alternative strategy for enhancing ruminant productivity and metabolic resilience in tropical contexts.